Invaded By Immigrants Essay -- essays research papers fc

Invaded By ImmigrantsCanada being a relatively new country, as far as the history of theworld goes was construct by immigration. Every single resident of North America cantrace his ancestry back to the cradle of vitality in Europe. Even aborigine Americansfound their way to the new world over a frozen ice pack, spreading out acrossthe land, weave a rich purification and prospering. The Canada that we know todaybegan only in the last 200 years. Settlers poured in from all over the world,tempted with free land and ghostlike liberty Europeans settled in Canada by thethousands. They brought with them traditions and a legal system modeled afterthe English organizations.     Although is undeniable that immigration made Canada into the strong farming that it is, I feel that Immigration as it is set up these days does notbuild our country but tears it down. The open gates insurance implemented by ourgovernment leaves the Canadian social system wide open to be abus ed by would-bemigrants in other countries. It is quite an obvious that the system presentlyrunning is quite imperfect. This paper will attempt to show flaws in Canadasimmigration policy and suggest new policys which check up on better with Canadassocial landscape.      only over the world populations are growing at trem polish offous rates.Nothing in this world happens by accident, the populations are lamentable becausethey expect an increase in quality of life in the new country. Countrys allover the world view Canada as a great draw a bead on to live, the United Nations billsCanada as the scoop out place to live. When third world people look at their presentsituations, they think that they could instantly improve their surroundings bymoving to Canada. By virginal logic it would seem like madness to open Canadasdoors wide open to any immigrant which wishes to come to Canada. We would beswamped But that is incisively what Canada has done. There is no end in sight.With a growing world population much and more people will see Canada as the necropsy place to live and will come flocking to our gates.     Many Canadians do not agree with the current immigration policy our theidea that we should let even more immigrants in. Many issues need to bedebated and settled such as should we allow further immigration into Canada, towhat degree should immigrants segregate ... ...with the worlds poor, we have created a system which makes gold and we cannot let immigration witness in the way of the eudaimonia of Canadascitizens. If a potential immigrant can show convincingly that he can bring ameaningful contribution to our countrys welfare he is welcomed, but thepractice of letting immense amounts of immigrants must be brought to a halt.Bibliography1. Curran, Thomas Xenophobia And Immigration. Boston Twayne, 1975.2. Globerman, Steven Immigration Delemma. Vancouver Fraser, 1992.3. Hawkins, Freda Canada and Immigration. Montrea l McGill, 1970.4. Knowles, Valerie Strangers at Our Gates. Toronto Dundurn,1992.5. Malarek, Victor Havens Gate. Toronto Macmillan, 1987.6. Munro, Iain Immigration. Toronto Wiley, 1941.7. Norris, John Strangers Entertained. Vancouver Evergreen, 1971.8. Sharma, Satya Immigrants and Refugees In Canada. Saskatchewan University,1991.9. Sillars, Les. "Something Stinks In Immigration." Alberta Report, August 12,1996, pp. 12.10. Stoffman, Daniel. "Canadas Farcical Refugee System." Readers Digest, Sept.1995, pp. 53-57.11. Taylor, Rupert Canada and the World. Waterloo Ebsco, 1994. Invaded By Immigrants Essay -- essays research papers fc Invaded By ImmigrantsCanada being a relatively new country, as far as the history of theworld goes was built by immigration. Every single resident of North America cantrace his ancestry back to the cradle of life in Europe. Even Native Americansfound their way to the new world over a frozen ice pack, spreading out acrossthe la nd, weaving a rich culture and prospering. The Canada that we know todaybegan only in the last 200 years. Settlers poured in from all over the world,tempted with free land and religious liberty Europeans settled in Canada by thethousands. They brought with them traditions and a legal system modeled afterthe English governments.     Although is undeniable that Immigration made Canada into the strongnation that it is, I feel that Immigration as it is set up these days does notbuild our country but tears it down. The open gates policy implemented by ourgovernment leaves the Canadian social system wide open to be abused by would-bemigrants in other countries. It is quite obvious that the system currentlyrunning is quite imperfect. This paper will attempt to show flaws in Canadasimmigration policy and suggest new policys which fit better with Canadassocial landscape.     All over the world populations are growing at tremendous rates.Nothing in this world happens by accident, the populations are moving becausethey expect an increase in quality of life in the new country. Countrys allover the world view Canada as a great place to live, the United Nations billsCanada as the best place to live. When third world people look at their presentsituations, they think that they could instantly improve their surroundings bymoving to Canada. By pure logic it would seem like madness to open Canadasdoors wide open to any immigrant which wishes to come to Canada. We would beswamped But that is precisely what Canada has done. There is no end in sight.With a growing world population more and more people will see Canada as thepremier place to live and will come flocking to our gates.     Many Canadians do not agree with the current immigration policy our theidea that we should let even more immigrants in. Many issues need to bedebated and settled such as should we allow further immigration into Canada, towhat degree should i mmigrants segregate ... ...with the worlds poor, we have created a system which makesmoney and we cannot let immigration get in the way of the welfare of Canadascitizens. If a potential immigrant can show convincingly that he can bring ameaningful contribution to our countrys welfare he is welcomed, but thepractice of letting immense amounts of immigrants must be brought to a halt.Bibliography1. Curran, Thomas Xenophobia And Immigration. Boston Twayne, 1975.2. Globerman, Steven Immigration Delemma. Vancouver Fraser, 1992.3. Hawkins, Freda Canada and Immigration. Montreal McGill, 1970.4. Knowles, Valerie Strangers at Our Gates. Toronto Dundurn,1992.5. Malarek, Victor Havens Gate. Toronto Macmillan, 1987.6. Munro, Iain Immigration. Toronto Wiley, 1941.7. Norris, John Strangers Entertained. Vancouver Evergreen, 1971.8. Sharma, Satya Immigrants and Refugees In Canada. Saskatchewan University,1991.9. Sillars, Les. "Something Stinks In Immigration." Alberta Report, August 12,1996 , pp. 12.10. Stoffman, Daniel. "Canadas Farcical Refugee System." Readers Digest, Sept.1995, pp. 53-57.11. Taylor, Rupert Canada and the World. Waterloo Ebsco, 1994.

Free Essays - Immorality and Corruption in the Great Gatsby :: Grapes Wrath essays

Immorality and Corruption in the Great Gatsby       In the novel, The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald m some(prenominal) of the characters could not be assort as a truly moral, a person who exhibits goodness or correctness in their character and behavior. break away Carraway is not moral by any means he is responsible for an affair between two major characters, Jay Gatsby and Daisy Buchanan. Jay Gatsby does show some moral qualities when he attempts to go back and rescue myrtle after she had been hit by Daisy. Over each Gatsby is unquestionably an immoral person. Nick Carraway and Gatsby share many immoral characteristics, but a big choice separates the two. Daisy Buchanan is an super immoral person she even went to the lengths of taking someones life. Jay and Daisy are similar but Daisy is borderline corrupt. The entire story is told through Nick Carraways point of view and by his carelessness it is obvious the narrator possesses poor values.   T hroughout the entire novel it is clearly portrayed that Nick Carraway is not a moral character by any stretch of the imagination. Nick Carraway may seem to have some good values, but he is in fact immoral for many reasons. First, Nick uses Jordan Baker he never actually became interested in a serious relationship with the golf star. Miss Baker is basically just a fling to him. Secondly, Nick Carraway always seems to be the middleman in all the trouble that is breathing out on in the novel. The narrator knows about all the lying, deceiving, Janus-faced things that are going on throughout the story, and he is completely ok with it. Also Nick defends Gatsby even though he very well knows of all Gatsbys criminal activity and liquor smuggling. Finally, Nick is the character who sets up two of the main characters, Daisy Buchanan and Jay Gatsby, to have an affair. It never crosses Nicks mind that it is an immoral thing to set up an affair. During the novel there is a discussi on between Gatsby and Nick about when to set up the secret meeting with Daisy. During this exchange Nick actually says, Im going to call up Daisy tomorrow and invite her over here to tea.

student :: essays research papers

expertnessFour Source of Energy Chemical, Solar, Mechanical, and NuclearEnergy is used in every aspect of our lives, from power for transportation, to heat and light in dwelling and working areas, to the manufacture of good of either kinds. The development of experience and civilization is closely linked to the availability and development of capability in useful forms. In this paper I am going to show foursome extremely vital forms of energy that we humans use everyday, and without which we could not enjoy the luxuries of life like watching T.V., playing on the computer, and tracking the weather.The first persona of vitally important energy is Chemical. It utilizes the energy release from chemical reaction. The energy is both release and absorbed by the elements involve in a chemical reaction, but no lose occur in the molecular weight of the elements. Even thought this is true, the physical properties may change. Take for instance, the decomposition of water. In its molecule s, severally of which consist of one atom of oxygen and cardinal of hydrogen, are broken down the hydrogen atoms combine in pairs, and the oxygen atoms form oxygen molecules. The two new molecules now have two different properties from the water molecules they came from. Water, for example, does not burn nor does it support combustions, but the new hydrogen molecule is now flammable and the oxygen is combustion supportive, both of which can be used to stupefy useful forms of energy.The reactions, just like the one mentioned above, can be classified by the characteristics of the particular reaction. As anyone could observe we, the people of this world have many different forms of reactions to obtain the energy we desire. This chemical energy is pretty the base of all other forms of energy, or at least a big part of them.We can use the reaction from nuclear fusion or fission to obtain energy. We can use the steam from water to get energy. There are ways in which use the elements a nd the properties of their reaction to obtain energy.A type of energy that work is another form of chemical energy, but deserves its own individual respect, is the above-mentioned nuclear energy. With the development of nuclear energy in the early twentieth century came available another incredibly great source of energy. It uses the heat from the nuclear energy and converts it into electricity. The nuclear is stored in the nucleus of an atom and is released though fission, fusion, or radioactivity.

Oedipus The King and the Existence of Man :: Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

Oedipus The king and the Existence of Man Since the beginning of time, man has used various methods on which to pass down stories, beliefs, and myths which explain diametric aspects of life. From oral tradition, to pictographs, to clay tablets, and onto paper, all compose the world of publications. Literature has always been an infinite realm of ideas, morals, and trains of thought. Although the sphere of literature is encircled with extreme diversity of thought, its magnetic core is focused on one theme man. All literature carries with itself three main characteristics it is written by man, for man, and slightly man. Oedipus the King, the salient Greek tragedy by the unparalleled philosopher, Sophocles, is no exception to literatures domain. It deals with one king, Oedipus, and his plight to avenge the death of his predecessor, King Laios. In his determined depend to find the murderer, he establishes a declaration which would demand the banishment and even the de ath of the murderer. In his ironic action, the reader pictures that this murderer that Oedipus is so determined to discover is none other than Oedipus himself. In bond to the definition of literature, this tragic plot reveals to the reader three main commentaries about the nature of man man cannot break away his past, pride is the sin which leads man to greater evils, and although the life of man is in itself a positive good, there leave alone always be a posterior of terrible tragedy that falls crosswise it. All throughout literature, many works have portrayed characters who carry with them a dark and gloomy past, and approximate to tear this shameful history of their lives from the books of their life. Unfortunately, this is unaccepted due to the fact that the past is a precursor to the present which, in turn, determines ones future. It is ones past that makes one what he or she is today. For example, if an individual committed ruthless acts much(prenominal) as theft or murder, was not caught by the law, and later realizes that that particular aspect of his or her life has caused them great grief and regret, he or she will make the effort to change and become a new individual. Let us say that individual becomes Oedipus The King and the Existence of Man Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex Oedipus The King and the Existence of Man Since the beginning of time, man has used various methods on which to pass down stories, beliefs, and myths which explain different aspects of life. From oral tradition, to pictographs, to clay tablets, and onto paper, all compose the world of literature. Literature has always been an infinite realm of ideas, morals, and trains of thought. Although the sphere of literature is encircled with extreme diversity of thought, its core is focused on one theme man. All literature carries with itself three main characteristics it is written by man, for man, and about man. Oedipus the King, the great Greek tragedy b y the unparalleled philosopher, Sophocles, is no exception to literatures domain. It deals with one king, Oedipus, and his plight to avenge the death of his predecessor, King Laios. In his determined search to find the murderer, he establishes a proclamation which would demand the banishment and even the death of the murderer. In his ironic action, the reader discovers that this murderer that Oedipus is so determined to discover is none other than Oedipus himself. In adhesion to the definition of literature, this tragic plot reveals to the reader three main commentaries about the nature of man man cannot escape his past, pride is the sin which leads man to greater evils, and although the life of man is in itself a positive good, there will always be a shadow of terrible tragedy that falls across it. All throughout literature, many works have portrayed characters who carry with them a dark and gloomy past, and try to tear this shameful history of their lives from the boo ks of their life. Unfortunately, this is impossible due to the fact that the past is a precursor to the present which, in turn, determines ones future. It is ones past that makes one what he or she is today. For example, if an individual committed ruthless acts such as theft or murder, was not caught by the law, and later realizes that that particular aspect of his or her life has caused them great grief and regret, he or she will make the effort to change and become a new individual. Let us say that individual becomes

Aeneid Book 8 :: essays research papers

Aeneid Book 8Book eight of the Aeneid starts with Aeneas in an anxious and flyaway mood. With Turnus rallying his troops, and the uncertainty of aid from other territories, Aeneas mind is in turmoil. His thoughts are further confused when he sleeps that night and has a prophetic dream. He dreams he is lying on the bank of a river when the God of the Tiber river appears. He eases Aeneas troubled mind by saying that he has made it to the new Trojan home. He goes on to say that if he doubts this vision, he will find a white sow on a riverbank the following day, with thirty schoolboyish pigs around it. He further explains that Aeneas must head for Pallanteum and seek an alliance with the ruler of this land, Evander. The dream ends as the Tiber river tells Aeneas that he will aid him with fair currents.Aeneas sets bed sheet the next day on a calm river, on his way to visit Evander. He finds the king in the middle of a celebration recognize Hercules. Aeneas and Evander talk and discov er that they are actually distant relatives, and Evander agrees to help Aeneas in the coming war. Evander then goes on to invite the Trojans to the feast.At the feast, Evander relates the story of how his people came to keep an eye on Hercules on a special day. The story goes that there was a half-man half-monster named Cacus who would terrorize and kill the people of this town. One day, Hercules was traveling through this land with his cattle. Cacus then steal some of the cattle and Hercules chased him to his mountain hideaway. Hercules lifted the entire mountain up, found Cacus, and killed him.As the night comes, Aeneas and Evander sleep as genus Venus and Vulcan stay up. Venus uses her powers to seduce Vulcan and convince him to do her a favor. Vulcan went to the Cyclops forge on his island to do work for his wife. He employed all the Cyclops to help him in his task of making new armor for Aeneas. In the meantime, Aeneas and Evander are preparing for war. They wake early to have a meeting and decide leadership. Evander chooses to put Aeneas in obtain in accordance with a prophet he received saying No Italian, by right, may rule your assembly. Choose a foreign leader. hence minutes before the battle, Venus appears and brings the forces under Aeneas weapons.

Aeneid Book 8 :: essays research papers

Aeneid Book 8Book eight of the Aeneid starts with Aeneas in an anxious and skittish mood. With Turnus rallying his troops, and the uncertainty of aid from other territories, Aeneas mind is in turmoil. His thoughts are further confused when he sleeps that night and has a prophetic dream. He dreams he is lying on the bank of a river when the God of the Tiber river appears. He eases Aeneas troubled mind by saying that he has made it to the new Trojan home. He goes on to say that if he doubts this vision, he will find a white sow on a riverbank the following day, with thirty immature pigs around it. He further explains that Aeneas must head for Pallanteum and seek an alliance with the ruler of this land, Evander. The dream ends as the Tiber river tells Aeneas that he will aid him with fair currents.Aeneas sets canvas the next day on a calm river, on his way to visit Evander. He finds the king in the middle of a celebration watching Hercules. Aeneas and Evander talk and discover that they are actually distant relatives, and Evander agrees to help Aeneas in the coming war. Evander then goes on to invite the Trojans to the feast.At the feast, Evander relates the story of how his people came to watch Hercules on a special day. The story goes that there was a half-man half-monster named Cacus who would terrorize and kill the people of this town. One day, Hercules was traveling through this land with his cattle. Cacus then take some of the cattle and Hercules chased him to his mountain hideaway. Hercules lifted the entire mountain up, found Cacus, and killed him.As the night comes, Aeneas and Evander sleep as genus Venus and Vulcan stay up. Venus uses her powers to seduce Vulcan and convince him to do her a favor. Vulcan went to the Cyclops forge on his island to do work for his wife. He employed all the Cyclops to help him in his task of making new armor for Aeneas. In the meantime, Aeneas and Evander are preparing for war. They wake early to have a meeting and d ecide leadership. Evander chooses to put Aeneas in insure in accordance with a prophet he received saying No Italian, by right, may rule your assembly. Choose a foreign leader. therefore minutes before the battle, Venus appears and brings the forces under Aeneas weapons.

Critique Of Research Article Essay

The nursing profession comprises of various dimensions. These dimensions however ca-ca non been appreciated by the society by understanding the complexity of the nursing profession. The social occasion of binds has heightend ein truthplace measure and is dynamic. To many, nursing profession is solely for physical health provision. This is not exactly the case as nurses argon also involved in provision of former(a) aspects of apportion such as social and spiritual direction. The role of nurses as circumspection givers is unique and needs to be appreciated. Nurses all over the world ar connected by the technical skills that they posses.These professional goes beyond the m are health care provision by the technical skills only. (Nieswiadomy, 1998 pp. 97-135) This paper is a critique of the word Dimensions of caring A soft analysis of Nurses Stories by Sharon Hudacek. In this article Hudacek has written on a enquiry conducted carried out in a qualitative manner to ident ify the dimensions of nursing profession. The search foc utilise at analyzing the stories that were obtained from nurses around the world where analysis was d one and only(a) using Giorgis methodology which aid in deducing the multidimensional and complex of the roles of nurses in provision of care.This essay consists of two major parts in criticizing the article. The first part of the paper depart knock the signifi give the gatece of the look to nursing and the clinical practices in general. It will also examine the reason as to why the enquiry was buttocksd on qualitative methodological approach. (Streubert & Carpenter, 1999 pp 67-89) In the second part of the essay, the research will be criticized in details through qualitative research critique methods. This critique will look on both the weakness and the strengths of the research based on the following components? Definition of the research problem ? Literature review ? The research picture ? Data collection strategies ? Data analysis strategies ? Interpretation of the result finding ? Ethical consideration PART ONE Rationale for research area Nurses are entrusted in the provision of health care and are available to assist the sick in their most needy times. This unique responsibility brings about a unique relationship between the nurse and the patient. Hudaceks article is on research about the stories of nurses in their day to day duties which are of different nature and challenging.The nurse plays the role of a life saver yet nurses also witness their patients pass inevitably. In establishing what the nurses hurl to say to the public and to other professionals in their work of care great(p). Hudacek collected stories from nurses from various parts of the world about the uniqueness of their job through experiences in care provision. These stories are an important base in understanding the role of nurses and appreciating the multidimensional complex essential care provided by the nurses.The wor k of nurses should be acknowledged and through their stories it is easy to understand the effectiveness of this profession in the society. (Beanland et al. 1999 pp 57-107) Leaders in nursing stress on nurses telling on their stories to better understand the practice of nursing. It is obligatory and persuasive to function and the human experiences in daily life activities. In nursing telling stories of personal encounter with patients is a reflection on clinical practice and the ticker of working at the bedside.The essence of this research is to encourage nurses to tell at that place stories through written or oral means to the public and to the professionals. This is necessary in generating critical thinking and review which connects and illuminates the complexity and great inherent within the nursing profession. The narrative stories of nurses about their experiences in bedside care with their patients take the nurses back to a deep etched memory at one time in their care givin g activity. This is necessary in motivating the nurses in the provision of care that constitutes more than health care provision as the research identified.The stories enhance the relationship between nurses and their patients through touching of each others life. (Polit, & Hungler, 1997 pp 102-156) There are times when the nurse may touch the heart of a patient and make a change to their lives and the patients also may touch the life of a nurse and bring about change which improves the provision of health care and other services in the care giving practice of nurses. According to Crookes and Davies 2005, it is the grade of the nurses which unfold the trusting relationships between nurses and their patients.This research is also important in revealing of the unique nature of nursing profession which give the sack create a good public relation. The care giving practice of nurses is special and innovative which integrates analysis, interpretation and the technical skills possessed b y nurses. The research identified sevener dimensions care giving in the nursing practice which helps us to appreciate the critical contribution of nurses in the society. These dimensions are as follows. ? Compassion ? Caring ? Community outreach ? Providing console? Crisis intervention ? Spirituality and ? Caring the extra distance. This research assist nurses to break the silence after many years of service which is more personal and importful. It has brought into wild the true aspect of nursing through the written narratives they provided for this research to be able to come out with conclusive results of the various dimensions of care giving in the nursing practice. (Parahoo, 1997 pp 56-114) The research is also helpful for further research in the care giving practice of nurses.The finding of this research are effectual and can open further research studies in the field of nursing by assimilating theories and the results of this research in conducting useful research that b rings the true meaning of care giving within the nursing profession as well as improving the relationship between nurses and patients in all aspects of care giving establish in this very research by Hudacek. Methodological approach Research is essential in every aspect of life. In nursing various researches have been carried out in improving and demystifying the care provision in the nursing profession.Various research methods are applied depending on the type of research and the stupefy of the research. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods have been widely utilize in research in nursing. These two methods of research can contribute to useful knowledge in nursing. In research it has become useful to use multidimensional research that includes both qualitative and quantitative research techniques. Therefore the polarisation of this two research methods is no longer in existence and one cannot entirely work on its own.In the research article by Hudacek, qualitative re search was employ and analysis performed through Giorgis methodology for existential methodology which is a qualitative research design. This research method is focused on the experiences of people in their day to day activities. (Giorgi, 1985 pp 111-142) This research allows individuals to describe their experiences. In the research by Hudacek, questionnaires were sent through mail to different individuals in different countries serving in the nursing profession. The question was not open ended question as it directed the nurse on the type of response one was required to provide.The stories collected all were expected to tell of an experience in care giving that touched the life of the nurse or that of the patient. This is one of the weaknesses of this research methodology which uses closed ended questionnaires as it limits the nurses on telling stories about the challenges they face in providing care to their patients which also may touch their lives or change the life of the pat ient. However qualitative research is appropriate in the development of human behavior through experiences. It involves interactive process instead of linear.This is essential in asking a general question which refines the intended meaning of results of the research as the research continues. The qualitative research tries to understand the whole phenomenon in the stage setting of the research field. This is done through inductive reasoning with no preconceived ideas about the study outcomes as it involves the probe of individual experiences of the nurses in a representational setting that put meaning to the theory and practice of nursing and for further research work. (Streubert & Carpenter, 1999 pp 80-165)The qualitative phenomenological research is common and is interested in descriptive entropy rather than numerical data. The phenomenological qualitative research is flexible and people centered which enhances the respondents in the research to be true to their story, that is, it increases the credibility of the data obtained through questionnaires. Considering that the nurses are emailed from a foreign country and are given a guideline question is important in producing reliable research result. Qualitative research is holistic and has continuous analysis of data to invent successive strategies.The quantitative research however has strengths over qualitative research as it applies deductive reasoning. It offers numerical data that allows the researcher to reject or accept the data in relation to the formulated hypothesis. In the research article by Hudacek, there was no baseless hypothesis to guide the cultivation collected during the research. The questionnaires sent to Australia, Argentina, United States, Slovakia, Cuba, Tekrik, Tokyo and other parts of the world including Africa may have been taken in a different way.Considering that the different nurses come from different societies and have differing personal attributes could have brought abo ut controversy in answering the question. This might be the reason unto why out of all the sent mails to the respondents only two hundred were mailed back. (Burns and Grove, 2007 pp 90-198) Qualitative research fails to give an analysis of the real data. It does not break pop data into meaningful conclusion. Out of the two hundred responses or stories that were received, they are not specified where they came from.There is a possibility of the responses coming from one role or state which can not be reliable for drawing out a general conclusion. Quantitative research and analysis of data could have been applied in this research article to address such shortcomings that the article failed to consider. In quantitative research data is numerical and therefore statistical data analysis methods are deployed to come out with a information emphasizing objectivity.In the research article by Hudacek, qualitative research has been singly used in establishing the role of nurses in health car e provision in the named countries. The response obtained within twelve months time span from two hundred nurses was used to determine the heights of care giving practice of nurses. The Giorgis phenomenological research analysis was applied to give meaningful evaluation of the two hundred stories received. This qualitative method of data analysis used four major steps that helped in giving meaning to these stories in connection to the research topic.(Giorgi, 1985 pp 34-102) These steps assisted in the study of data obtained and were applied as follows ? The general practice of the narrative stories for general sense of the whole work. ? The re-reading of the narratives to filter the meaningful section net ton be used in the drawing conclusive meaning to research. ? The reflection and focusing of each story to the phenomenon under investigation. ? The final synthesizing of meaning units into reliable organize of learning.Generally the qualitative research used in this research wer e appropriate to the investigation of the phenomenon of care giving by nurses and helped in deducing seven dimensions of care giving by nurses who share a common technical skill despite the boundaries, race, religion, gender age and most important the level of development of the countries they live or give services in. PART TWO Problem definition Research in the field of nursing is endless and is important in filling in gaps in knowledge that is needed for care giving in nursing practice.The purpose of a research is a clear and concise statement of a specific goal, aim or objective of the research study generated from the research problem. There are troika major characteristics which a good problem should hold ? The problem statement should clearly identify the variables under consideration. ? Should specify the group of population to be studied ? Should involve the possibility of empirical testing. The article by Hudacek the statement of the problem in the research is clearly stat ed in the very first paragraph of the article in the abstract.It has also been expounded into more than equitable a problem by describing the methodology of research that would be applied in the research. The problem states, The purpose of this qualitative, phenomenological study is to describe dimensions of caring as they adjoin to and clarify the practice of professional nursing This definition of the research problem is descriptive of the nature of research that one expects and the purpose of carrying the research is vivid to the reader. In fact the articles abstract is a summary of every aspect of the research which puts the reader toes.The reader also gets to know the extent at which the research goes into investigation of the problem. (DePoy, & Gitlin, 1994 pp. 58-94) The statement of this problem is clear and eliminates the possibility of ambiguity to the reader. The statement gives the summary of the article. The article puts it clear of the nurses stories obtained telling of the great experiences the nurses encounter in their day-to-day activities of health care provision. The article also explores the fact that nurses have not been telling their stories about their unique care giving practice. Literature reviewIn research, belles-lettres review is usually a written summary of the position of the existing knowledge on a research problem. Literature review is the use of supposititious and empirical sources to form a clear picture of what is known and what is not known in regard to the statement of the problem which gives the basis of the conducted study. In innocent terms, literature review is the process by which the researcher takes account of the known knowledge about a given research topic. In the present research by Hudacek, the scope of the nursing profession in health care provision has been screened and analyzed deeply from different sources.These sources include both secondary and primitive sources. The research problem of the nurses sil ence about their daily experiences has been supported from other works. Hudacek has also used show of other available knowledge about the leading in nursing encouraging nurses to give narrative stories in written form to express their day-to-day experiences in care giving practice. He uses evidence from books of various writers that the use of story telling to understand the nursing practice of care giving has been endorsed. Of all of the articles and books used are current.The research used very recent scholarly works in the literature review which gives the research a sense of validity. (Hudacek, 2005 pp 89-153) Research design Research design is the recipe for conducting a research study and is responsible for optimizing control over factors that could get in the way with the validity of the findings. The research design controls and guides planning and implementation of a research study in order to achieve the desired results and findings. (Crookes & Davies, 2004 pp 89-130). I n Hudacek research, the research design used is too weak to draw out conclusions.The mailing of questions to nurses was not random in the first place. The names were provided from the University for the Research Group. This could have led to biasness of the respondents in writing their stories. The time span given to the respondents was quite enough in the research and amazingly only a small number of two hundred out of over thousand were received. The study design was not efficient in conducting this research and could not be valid to conclude the research. The narratives were not controlled from the place of source.That is, there was no criterion for picking up stories for example at least ten from each state as most of them could have come from the same state. Therefore in the current research by Hudacek, the research design is generally poor. Sampling Sampling is the selection of the elements from the entire population to be studied. These elements can be people, behaviors or e vents among any other element that can be researched on. (Beanland et al. 1999 pp 45-123) In Hudacek article, a global database was used to provide names of nurses to be invited in the research. The participation was also voluntary.In this non probability non purposive sampling, results are credible and fit for research study. Here the subject is not hand picked by the researcher. Data collection strategies This is the process by which information to be used in study of the research problem is gathered. The method of data collection is determined by the research method or the aim of the study. In the article by Hudacek, self report data was found appropriate. Structured self report data was collected by means of written form in stories that were mailed to the respondents. The respondents sent back the written stories via mails.In the research study by Hudacek, the question was formed to guide the respondent on the orientation of the study by just writing a narrative story on ones ex perience with a patient who changed the life of the nurse. Approval was sought from the University of Scranton nursing plane section review board which approved the study. Data analysis strategies This is the systematic organisation and synthesis of research data. It is aimed at giving meaning to the data or information collected. In the current article Giorgis phenomenological methodology of data analysis was used.The stories were read and interpreted to give meaning to the research problem using the three steps reviewed earlier in this essay. Interpretation of findings, Conclusion and Recommendations Findings of a research are the result of the analyses of the study information obtained from the research question. Conclusion on the other hand is the synthesis and explanation of the research findings. Result interpretation takes into account the objectives or goals of the study and the existing body of knowledge related to the research study.In the research by Hudacek it was found that practice of nursing is meaningful to them and goes beyond the health care provision, i. e. , care giving practice is a multidimensional practice. From the findings seven dimensions of care in nursing practice were identified. These are, Caring, compassion, spirituality, providing comfort, crisis intervention, community outreach, and going the extra distance. (Parahoo, 1997 pp 98-134) Hudacek also encourages more research in his article on matters pertaining care provision by nurses.The research helped in liberating nurses from the traditional restraints that may have caused them to feel unappreciated. Ethical issues Every research should be guided by ethical principles which check over respect for person, beneficence and justice. Beneficence is entails the protection of the participant from harm which can either be psychological or physical. Ethical considerations in a research study outweigh the possibility of risks to the participants. In the research by Hudacek, ethical is sues were considered in the best way. The mailing of the questions was personal and never involved a triplet party.In giving information, anonymous was used to ensure that the stories were neutral and safe to be published in the article by Hudacek. Participants were not named neither did there stories were published with names of the patients. Professional code of ethics has been respected in the Hudacek research article i. e. Privacy, anonymity and confidentiality were observed during the research. (Roberts & Taylor, 2002 pp 34-69) The essay criticized the article on the dimensions of nursing A qualitative analysis of nurses stories by Hudacek.In the critique all aspects have been looked into clearly and weaknesses and strengths pin slured during the critique. The abstract of the article defines the research problem statement and gives a summary of the whole article at a glance. The research was effective in achieving its goals all the same despite the pinpointed methodological sh ortcomings in the research. References Bailey, P. H. , & Tilley, S. (2002). Storytelling and the interpretation of meaning in qualitative research. Journal of Advanced nurse, 38, 574-583 Burns, N. & Grove, K. (2007). Understanding nursing research Building an evidence-based practice.(4th ed. ). Philadelphia WB Saunders. Burns, N. & Grove, K. (2007). Study Guide for understanding nursing research grammatical construction an evidenced-based practice. (4th ed. ). Philadelphia WB Saunders. Beanland, C. et al. (1999). Nursing research methods. Critical appraisal and utilisation (1st Australian ed. ). Sydney Mosby. Burns, N. & Grove, S. (2005). The practice of nursing research, conduct, critique and utilisation. Missouri Elsevier Saunders. Crookes, P. & Davies, S. (2004). Research into practice Essential skills for reading and applying research in nursing and health care.Sydney Balliere Tindall. DePoy, E. & Gitlin, L. (1994). Introduction to research Multiple strategies for health and human services. Sydney Mosby. Giorgi, A. (1985). Phenomenology and psychological research. Pittsburgh, PA Duquesne University Press. Hudacek, S. (2004). Making a difference Stories from the point of care (Vol. 2). Indianapolis, IN Sigma Theta Tau International. Hudacek, S. (2005). Making a difference Stories from the point of care (Rev. ed. , Vol. 1). Indianapolis, IN Sigma Theta Tau International. Maher, J. (2003). The use of narratives in nursing.Whitireia Nursing Journal, 10, 11-16 Nieswiadomy, R. (1998). Foundations of nursing research (3rd ed. ). Connecticut Appleton & Lange. Parahoo, K. (1997). Nursing research Principles, processes and issues. Basingstoke Macmillan. Polit, D. & Hungler, P. (1997). Essentials of nursing research Methods, appraisal and utilisation (4th ed. ). JB Lippincott. Roberts, K. & Taylor, B. (2002). Nursing research processes An Australian perspective. Victoria Nelson. Streubert, H. , & Carpenter, D. (1999). Qualitative research in nursing Advancing the human-centred imperative (2nd ed. ). Philadelphia Lippincott.

Vitro Corning

Identify and discuss Cornings strategic predisposition toward a articulation fortuity with Vitro. Because of long histories of successful articulatio stakes and had been an advance(a) leader in foreign alliances for oer 73 years, Cornings strategy of establishing the spliff venture relationship with Vitro seems to be a ideal combination and result lead to success. However, the joint venture became subject to a series of cultural and opposite conflicts that began to undermine this vision. According to caller-out officials and external analysts, cultural differences were a principal cause of the alliances failure.Therefore, lack of fully understanding Mexico acculturation is the key predisposition of Cornings strategy. What is culture? One of the well-accepted definitions is given by Goodenough (1971), who has defined culture as a set of beliefs or standards, shared by a group of people, which help the individual decide what is, what peck be, how to feel, what to do and how to go about doing it. The main cultural clashes between two companies are discussed as follow Different decision-making style between Mexican and AmericanVitro and opposite Mexican businesses are more more hierarchical, with loyalty to fathers and patrons somehow carried over to the modern corporation. As a matter of loyalty or tradition, decisions are a lot left either to a member of the controlling family or to top executives, while middle level managers are often not asked their opinions. As a result, Corning managers who work in the joint venture were sometimes left waiting for important decisions about marketing and sales.Refers to a Corning executive If we were looking at a distribution decision, or a customer decision, we typically would adjudge a group of people in a room, they would do an assessment, figure alternatives and make a decision, and I as chief executive would never know about it. My experience on the Mexican side is that someone in the organization would ha ve a solution in mind, but then the decision had to be kicked up a few levels. Different working efficiencyThe Mexicans sometimes see the Americans as too direct, while Vitro managers, in their dogged pursuit of politeness, sometimes seemed to the Americans unwilling to acknowledge problems and faults. The Mexicans sometimes thought Corning moved too fast the Americans entangle Vitro was too slow. Other difference in culture America is a advanced state in modern society with only 227 years history, traditionalistic culture has far less important position than fashion in close Americans mind, contrarily, traditional culture plays a significant role in Mexico, most Mexican are conservative scour in large companies.For instance, Cornings offices in upstate New York are in a modern glass envelop building, while Vitros headquarters in Monterrey, often thought of as Mexicos Pittsburgh, are in a replica of a 16th century convent, with artwork, arched ceilings and passe re harvest-t ideions. To sum up, attitudes, orientations, emotions, and expressions differ strongly among people from American or Mexican. These differences are fundamentally cultural. According to Hofstedes culture dimensions, we can get the conclusion as the accede demonstrated belowAs shown in the table, although culture of both countries has masculinity characters, there is lock a large culture gap in other aspects between American and Mexican. Therefore, without fully understanding Mexicos culture leads to the failure of Cornings alliance strategy with Vitro. Cultural clashes among partners in joint ventures are not a brisk issue. Discuss why an MNC, and specifically Corning, would be interested in fully understanding the culture of a dominance before deciding on an alliance. burnish clash the cultures of the companies are not compatible and compete for dominance.The businesses of both companies suffer while attention is diverted to the contest and it may destroy the key portion of p rior success. (Jeff Jacobs 2001) Although there is evidence of increasing cultural convergence between countries around the world, cultural differences among countries will persist. It is widely recognized that cultural differences between the partners of a merger are one of the most common reasons for failure in mergers, this may happen during pre-merger negotiations or during post-merger integration.Thus, fully understanding the culture of a potential can help managers anticipate problems in negotiating mergers and prevent them from disrupting what can be an attractive and mutually beneficial market entry strategy. In this case, as an innovative leader in foreign alliances, Corning has formed approximately 50 ventures over the years. Only 9 had failed ( fade out), an impressive number considering one recent study bring that over one-half of foreign and national alliances do not succeed.With this proud record, Corning was confident of being succeed in the joint venture of Vitro, h owever, the joint venture became subject to a series of cultural and other conflicts that began to undermine this vision. Culture is about shared assumption, beliefs, values and norms. Each organization has its own culture positive from its own particular experience, its own role and the way its owners or managers get things done (Hellard, 1995). Since culture may affect the MNC in many aspect of its international development, even like Corning, which has rich foreign alliance experience, cannot ignore the effect cause by culture clash.It is unalterable principle for Corning to fully understanding the culture of its partner before it decides on an alliance. International alliances are an ideal setting within which to explore cultural differences in negotiations because they involve not only up-front negotiations over the initial structure of the relationship, but also constant and ongoing negotiation to manage what can be an inherently unstable and continuously evolving organizati onal form. If Corning and Vitro yet want to remain in the alliance, understanding and accepting the other parts culture is the precondition.According to there is large culture gap between America and Mexico, how to speciate this gap or create an agreement of new value concept is the possible solution. The specific method advised as follow 1. Managers from USA and Mexico who will work together in the alliance should meet and negotiate the detail of establishing the new company in each country before they carrying out the conflux plan. 2. Employees from both companies should learn about how to minimize the breakage of culture clash. There should be a particular training for the employees who will work together in the new merger.The skills to overcome an embarrass situation are indispensable for them. 3. In order to get used to working in a new environment with different culture, Corning and Vitro can implement a manager-exchange program before new company established. Managers par ticipated in the program will be assigned to the partner country and pursuit as probation period for the purpose of experiencing the local culture. 4. After new company established, localization is a important key to keep it operating right and performing well, which mean among employees of the new company, local residents should have larger proportion.In addition, the final decision of the new company should be made by the local manager, and manager from the other part just take the responsibility of supervision and report the current operating situation to parent company. 5. In the early long time of the alliance, executives from both companies should gather frequently to summarize the new companys performance of the previous period, exchange the information they collect from the operation of local company. Till the new companies get in into the right path, they can meet quarterly for further strategies.Discuss why both companies would continue to distribute each others produc t after the joint venture failed. What impact capacity the public statements about the failure have on the relationship? Both Corning and Vitro remain in the situation of distributing each others product even after the joint venture failed. The main reason is they still can make profit from counterparts market. We can understand it easier from the first purpose of why Corning enters into joint venture to gain access to markets that it cannot penetrate quickly enough to obtain a competitive advantage.In addition, both companies were globally oriented, and both had founding families still at their centers, Corning specialized in cookware and Vitro in tableware. Corning was accomplished at melting glass, while Vitro was expert in molding it. The companies intended to combine product lines based on where each company had technical leadership, and they began to swap technology to enhance their respective capabilities. Even though the alliance had been failed, both of them still can get competitive advantages from each other. Furthermore, if the culture clash problem can be solved or minimized, they still have opportunity to merge.Someone might consider the impact of public statement on the failure of their partnership negative. In fact, it might be a good thing there is a famous saying in China a loss may turn out to be a gain, a blessing in disguise. As we know, no companys development is plain sailing on their way to success, frustration is inescapable, what can you learn from the frustration is more important. In this case, the joint venture dissolved illustrate there is a culture gap between both companies, but not the quality of products or managing skills and something else.The failure can provide a clear orientation to Corning and Vitros further positioning, once they can acknowledge and face bravely to the failure, and analyze the reason lead to the failure, the rare experience they gain is much larger than they lost. In future operation, they will conside r more cautiously and more comprehensively before they decide to establish a new joint venture. Certainly, culture clash factors included. Reference Goodenough, Ward H. , 1971, Culture language and society , modular publications, 7, Addison- Wesley Reading MA Hellard, R. B. (1995), Project Partnering Principle and Practice Hofstede, G. 2001). Cultures consequences Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations crossways nations (2nd ed. ). Jackson, T, (ed), (1995). Cross-Cultural Management, Jeff Jacobs. (2001). How Culture Affects Mergers and Acquisitions X. Zhang, Y. Wang, J. Wrathall &amp M. Berrell, 2002, International ManagementManaging in the Era of Globalization, Peoples University Press, China Available http//www62. homepage. villanova. edu/jonathan. doh/CORNINGcase. rev. doc Available http//www-edocs. unimaas. nl/files/mer95011. pdf /pre/body/hypertext markup language

Why Did Hitler Hate the Jews?

In this book the end of more than three decades of historiographical question on Nazi Germany is talked about by one of the periods most distinguished historians. The book brings together the most important pieces of Ian Kershaws seek on the Holocaust for the first time. The writings are arranged in three sectionsHitler and the Final rootage, popular opinion and the Jews in Nazi Germany, and the Final Solution in historiography. Vail-Ballou Press. Binghamton, newborn york. In this book, Anti-Semitism that spread quickly is talked about.The author, Yehuda Bauer shows how Hitlers actions affected the Holocaust in a way that anyone could understand. Survivors of the Holocaust are similarly introduced in the book. Hi report about concentration camps, the inmates of them and stories told by inmates are told to readers. Scholastic Inc. Danbury, CT. 2001. This book shows inside one of the most tragic events of accounting, the Holocaust. It gives you a description of the history of the Jews, Christians and the history of Anti-Semitist. David Crowe allows you to see how Adolf Hitler was able to bend to the mind of many Germans and Nazis. 008 Westview Press. Boulder, Colorado David M. Crowe. In this journal, Hitlers Anti-Semitism is shown through many different views. Some tidy sum have recognized Hitlers actions against the Jews as pure evil and nothing more or less. Many see his actions as simple immoral. Whereas others believe that you could port deeper into it, as if there are deeper reasons behind Hitlers morals. 2008. Analytic Press, Inc. Hillsdale, NJ. In this book, the top 10 choices of history to Ian Kershaw are chosen. A choice by Hitler happens to be one of them.Although it may seem as if it has little to do with his hatred for Jews, it plays a part in the fight which would tie it in with his Anti-Semitism. Hitler decides to declare war on the U. S. after the attack on Pearl Harbor and it turns the odds against him. Important decisions are told about not only Hitler but Stalin, Roosevelt and etc. 2007. The Penguin Press. New York, NY In this online passage, one would say that Hitlers hatred for the Jews was from jealousy. He was an aspiring artist and at the time many Judaic people were getting the post in the artistic field, which Hitler didnt like.He did not want politics soiled by Jewish people and believed that an Anti-Semitist economy was best. http//www. jewishvirtuallibrary. org/jsource/Holocaust/hitler. html Martin Gilbert narrates the story of Jews during the time of WWII in the form of a picture book. This book shows the good days, the bad days, the horrific days and the days where Jews were uplifted and joyful. The tragic history of the Jewish people during the Holocaust is seen through the books in picture form, allowing one to understand the record of the Jews during the 20th century. Schocken Books. New York, New York.

Crazy Eddie, Inc. financial fraud case Essay

crackers Eddie was an American retail store chain run by the Antar family, which was established as a private company in 1969 in Brooklyn, New York by businessmen Eddie and Sam M. Antar. The charade at Crazy Eddie was unrivaled of the longest running in modern times, lasting from 1969 to 1987. Crazy Eddie became a k promptlyn symbol for corporate fraud in its time, but has since been eclipsed by the Enron, Worldcom and Bernie Madoff score scandals.Commencement of fraudThe fraud began almost immediately, with the management of Crazy Eddie to a lower placereporting taxable income through skimming cash sales, paying employees in cash to avoid payroll department taxes and reporting fake insurance claims to the companys carriers. Eddie Antar, the CEO of the company who was the mastermind in the fraud, was skimming money from sales taxes that he only part remitted to the government, darn using part of the money to give steep discounts to customers. Much of the rest of the money he u se to fund a partying lifestyle, while secreting a fortune at home and abroad. He also repackaged used and damaged electronics and resold them to customers as new. When electronics companies refused to supply him because he was selling the products to his customers below list price, he rather sourced the products from suppliers in another(prenominal) countries on the gray market.He used massive sales promotion strategy to promote his companys name and products. The telly ad of the company was very much popular that time. The company began to grow rapidly and had several branches across the country. As the chain grew in size, the Antar family started planning for an initial public offering (initial offering) of Crazy Eddie and scaled back the fraud so that the company would be more profitable and get a higher military rating from the public market.This strategy was a success and Crazy Eddie went public in 1984 at $8 per share. The final phase of the Crazy Eddie fraud began after t he IPO and was motivated by a desire to increase profits so the stock price could move higher and the Antar family could sell its holdings over time. Management now reversed the flow of skimmed cash and moved funds from secret bank accounts and safety deposit boxes into company coffers, booking the cash as revenue. The scheme also involved inflating and creating phony inventory on the books and reducing accounts payable to boost profits at the company.Concealment of fraudThe electronics chain used the young, inexperienced, undereducated and under skilled auditors for the audit purpose. The chain was able to fool young auditors by showing them inventory stock rooms filled with empty boxes of electronics gear, while distracting them with attractive female surveyers so they wouldnt bother to look at what was inside or behind the stacks of boxes. They had a concept that if the auditor was eroding a suit, it was sure he wasnt going to get it dirty by moving the boxes.Eddie Antar was t he mastermind behind the various schemes and hired his relatives to work at the electronics chain to help aid and abet the fraud. Eddie Antar paid for his cousin Sam E. Antar to learn accountancy so he could eventually work at the growing companys small auditing firm, Penn and Horowitz. In 1981, Sam passed the CPA examination with a 90% and scored in the top 1% in the country. He afterwards became the Penn and Horowitz Companys CFO in 1986. All the family members were bound together by a culture of crime and were working as a police squad for collapsement and concealment of crime.Exposure of fraudThe company was making so much money that Eddie Antar was having trouble finding places to put it. He ran out of hide places in his office and home, and eventually began traveling to Israel and Switzerland to stash the money in secret bank accounts. However, the scheme began to unravel when his wife found out he was cheating on her, and the family took sides in the dispute. The fraud was finally uncovered in 1987 after the Antar family was ousted from Crazy Eddie after a successful hostile takeover by an investment group. The acquirer found out how overvalued Crazy Eddie really was and hired another impertinent auditor to look closely at the books.Crazy Eddie limped on for another year before being liquidated to pay creditors. Eddie Antar, the CEO of Crazy Eddie, was charged with securities fraud and other crimes, but fled to Israel before his trial. He spent ternion years in hiding until he was eventually tracked down by authorities in 1992 and extradited back to the U.S. to face criminal charges. Antar and two other family members were also convicted for their role in the fraud. In 1997, Antar was sentenced to eight years in prison and paid large fines. He was later released in 1999.Crazy Eddie vehement FlagsThe red flags in the Crazy Eddie, Inc. fiscal fraud case which could notify the potential fraud were as follows- The tight knit Antar family ruling Cr azy Eddie had realistic absolute control over all aspects of the business. Very poor audit trails and documentation.Major self-dealing transactions and related party transactions by family members. Substantial increases in wages from below market wages before the company went public. In 1985, an attempt was made to falsify certain store inventories which was uncovered by the auditors. The auditors certain an excuse that it was not sanctioned by management. Substantial increases in gross margins, profits, inventories, debit memos etc. from prior periods for no logical reason. Significant volume of dandy deposits in transit at pecuniary year end. Individual deposits in transit extremely high in relation to normal amounts at fiscal year end. Unusually high inventory volumes in stores where physical counts were not observed by external auditors. Inventories in many individual stores were in spare of space capacity.Major differences between amounts confirmed from vendors for accoun ts payable and amounts reported on Crazy Eddies books and records. Use of gross margin method to value inventories during interim periods instead of taking interim inventory counts. Change of accounting methods for purchase discounts and trade allowances in 1987 from cash basis to accrual basis noted in footnotes with no accounting adjustments. Small CPA firm that conducted Crazy Eddie audits before (then big eight firm took over audits) had a significant revenue topic from Crazy Eddie. Controller and later CFO for Crazy Eddie (Sam E. Antar) worked for small CPA firm that audited Crazy Eddie books.Biggest Crazy Eddie Audit ErrorsThe reason, Crazy Eddie was able to conceal and commit the fraud for such a long time could be the inefficiencies of the auditor and the government to uncover the fraud. The government, auditors and investors were fooled by the companys flamboyant founder and CEO, Eddie Antar and his family. approximately of the biggest Crazy Eddie Audit Errors were as fol lows- Assuming a proper audit can be conducted in the absence of credible internal controls. Undereducated, under skilled, and under experienced audit faculty. Over using audits as training grounds for inexperienced audit staff. omit of investigative or forensic accounting skills by auditors. trouble to ask proper questions to the concerned persons.Assuming the answers to good questions as correct without verification. Failure to ask follow up questions.Lack of master copy skepticism.Allowing company staff to distract auditors from doing filed work by engaging in social conversations, thereby wasting time during audits so they have to rush their work in the end to meet the audit deadline. Failure to simultaneously observe inventory counts in all locations. From 1984 to 1987, the auditors did not observe all store inventories or inventories at all locations. Failure to take copies of full inventories taken when going away the premises. Failure to conduct proper test counts of inv entories by relying on company staff to count boxes and allowing company staff to take possession of test counts to make copies on behalf of auditors. Failure to follow through on analytical test issues.Failure to conduct all required analytical testing.Failure to conduct sales cut off testing at year end.Failure to examine items listed as deposits in transit at year end. Failure to age accounts payable.Failure to conduct adequate verification of accounts payable balances. Failure to contact vendors when major discrepancies were place as vendors sent back verification requests. Failure to secure audit work papers left on premises during the audit by leaving keys to trunks containing audit documents on company premises. Allowing company personnel to view audit work papers in process. Auditors signed off on financial reports to outside directors and allowed the issuance of financial statements before the fiscal year 1987 audit was completed and backed into the numbers.Auditors made m isrepresentations to the outside directors just about certain questionable practices and directions from the outside directors to investigate them. Auditors made misrepresentations to the SEC about directions from the audit committee to investigate questionable accounting practices. The auditorsfailed to follow up on recommendations of Crazy Eddies outside counsel law firm Paul, Weiss, Rifkind to investigate irregularities concerning sales to a trans-shipper in 1987. The auditors disagreed with recommendations by Crazy Eddies outside counsel law firm Paul, Weiss, Rifkind to tin more detailed disclosure on Crazy Eddie sales to trans-shippers and other issues.The Fraud TriangleThe Crazy Eddie, Inc. financial fraud case, if linked up with the fraud triangle, following result can be obtained-a. Incentives/ closetsGreedinessDesire of Luxurious LifestyleExpensive extramarital relationships of Eddie AntarPressure to maintain social statusPressure to sustain in competitive marketb. Opport unitiesLack of internal and external controlsLack of audit trailInability of the auditors to judge performance qualityLack of outsiders access to informationc. RationalizationSam Antar, former CFO of Crazy Eddie gave a statement, we committed crime simply because we could. Criminologists like to analyze white call for crime in terms of the fraud triangle incentive, opportunity, and rationalization. We had no rationalization. Simply put, the incentive and opportunity was there, but the morality and excuses were lacking. We never had one conversation about morality during the 18 years that the fraud was going on. This statement shows that there was no rationalization used while committing the fraud, we could assume that following rationalizations could have been used by them- Whatever they were doing did not hurt anybody else.Whatever they were doing was not wrong.Moral justification like, Everyone else is doing it, so it must not be so bad to do this could have been used.Reference s4 Massive Frauds Youve Probably Never Heard Of. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/12/four-unknown-massive-frauds.asp A Convicted Felon Speaks Out about White Collar Crime. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.whitecollarfraud.com/947660.html Crazy Eddie Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2014, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_Eddie Crazy Eddie Masterminds Video file. (2012, January 7). Retrieved from http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=CP8iO5lvCoU Weirich, T. R., Pearson, T. C., & Churyk, N. T. (2010). Accounting & auditing research Tools & strategies. Hoboken, NJ Wiley.

Cause and Effect Blind Dates

Many hoi polloi have trouble finding the right person for themselves however, deprivation on a couple of blind dates could open the door to meeting new people. The whole point of a blind date is to meet soulfulness else that one doesnt know and to get to know him better. The first cause of going on a blind date is that some people are shy(p) and their friends decide to help them out and try to find someone that would be suitable for them.It is an excellent way for the shy people to get out more than often. An another(prenominal) cause is to just have a true time. A blind date doesnt have to be about finding the right person, it could be just to have a fun time with someone else. Results from a blind date could differ from certain people. First, the person could have an enjoyable shadow and might even call his date again for another night together. However, he could also find his date rather uninteresting, thus ruining his night.A piece result is that the person could find his date very appealing, but not that special someone he was looking for. Adding on, he could become very good friends with her and meet new people. Since he found her very fun to be with, he could go out more often with her and meet her friends. On the other hand, he could find her appealing, but not interested in spending more time. Either way a blind date has two outcomes. The people on the date could have a really enjoyable time with their date, or it could be a complete waste of time.

Space Exploration

English Composition II at that place are many another(prenominal) issues that slip away within our planet such as the so called upcoming war with North Korea, animal extinction, economy issues, lack of Jobs, etcetera That invites attention and a well thought out plan so It can be dealt with. The subject area that I leave alone be discussing Is based on Science, wellness and Environmental Issues. The main topic I will be discussing and debating on the issue whether or not should the United States hold open to fund seat exploration even though we slang our own matters to att devastation on planet flat coat.My research project Includes with the supporting allude of view, the UN-supporting point of view, ending with my personal touch sensation towards which is more troops personnelwide beneficial. People Supporting infinite Exploration Based on the National Aeronautics And Space system A lot of multitude believe that the specie e use to fund shoes projects can be use d for a more frugal relevant cost, such as helping Africa, or helping our own economy. But in fact funding space projects does help our economy. Space exploration creates Jobs It employs engineers, mechanics, astronauts, highly educated scientist and many more. Billions of taxpayer dollars goes to NASA that in reality Nanas budget is slight than 1% of the national budget.United States spends about 20 trillion dollars on air-conditioning tents In Afghanistan opposed to the 19 billion dollar budget that NASA has. Although NASA Is electing billions a year, that money doesnt go to waste. NASA has designed a impertinent type of technology called vortex combustion, which makes rockets flee further, faster with using less fuel. This design was built by one of Nanas contractors ORBITER. More Information and facts describing the Vortex Combustion RamJet (VICE) can be pitch in the on this tie under NASA. Gob http//sibs. Gaffs. Nonages/Sober/abstracts/98/ sibs/phases/Sober-98-1-07. 4-AA A. HTML. ORBITER took the same design and instead of making it work with a rocket, they consecrate it with a water hose. By doing this ORBITER as created the worlds fastest water hose of today. Lets say we find a way to make deflower habitable, wouldnt it be great to extend mankind. Space exploration continues to grow and hold in valuable information that the united States requires to grow. Some of the items we use in today society, such as GAPS system, cellophane, cordless power tool, the amplify Inside the football helmet and even clean water Is all thanks to space exploration.A well known Scientist and Internets favorite astrophysicist, make a book primarily named Failure to Launch The dreams and delusion of OFF explains about how the American people mislead themselves into believing misconceptions about space exploration and as a moment the purpose and necessities of a space program are now misunderstood. He argues and pleas to give NASA the money it needs in rove to sti mulate the economy and set off students to pursue innovative projects.It is essential that space exploration be funded by political relation funds instead of privately funds, because the government has the necessary power and money to make and continue to have a successful discoveries and it ties along tit the military due to classified information organism safe guarded from others doesnt have the need to know, rather than being funded private funds with less funds and will lose the advantage of working with the military and vice-versa. Today on land there are more than 7 billion people and growing, the world is over populated and if we would ever get a chance to move we would.Living on another planet whitethorn sound like the science fiction movie Star Wars, but it can be possible. This is why we explore, c(Iroquois is what built the world we have today. People Against Space Exploration Thousands of people believe that we should be studying our own planet first hence move on to others, but whos to say if we shut down space programs we will use the left over money to explore our Saracens, or give the money directly to us people. We have 314,686,189 living(a) in the United States, if we divided Nanas budget to give every person in the United States a look at of the money everyone will only get about $60. 7 a year. That doesnt sound very attracting, so chances are we the people will not get any share directly if NASA were to be shut down. There are so many social problems n the world like poverty, unemployment, medical exam diseases, sanitation, food and safe imbibing water, which is yet to be solved. So it is suggested that the people should utilize this amount for eliminating this social problem rather than funding for space exploration. My power for supporting fund space exploration Based on the statistics on the resourceful website debate. Rag 68% of the people support the funding towards exploring in space and 32% goes against this factor. Human be ings by nature are explorers. We enjoy going to new places, discovering new things and seeking out knowledge. If this were not the case we might politic be thinking the Earth was flat. Exploring space not only fulfills a nature driven quality in humans, it also gives us the knowledge we need for advancement. Whether this knowledge provides us with new sources for energy, how the Universe came to be or the possibility of expanding humankind to new worlds.My opinion for supporting funds for space exploration is that it is a better decision to convey because it has greater impact. When it comes to making a decision of two different perceptions, I tend to think of the macro picture. Who is to say we may have meteor contact earth and e happen to come across a better way to track and avoid another big bang theory on earth by continuing and persuading space exploration or even have already a 2nd planet such as mars ready to have human being living in as the new home.To me, I see that t here is more to see than meets the eye, by this I mean that there is no point on discovering our own planet earth if, god forbid, we will meet the end of our destruction due to undetermined outer source, that couldve been avoided. Support be more accurate and aware of our surrounding in this universe to keep mankind living longer. Reference Has, Fen Cox, pile (February 20, 2009). Sustainable Space Exploration and Space Development A Unified Strategic Vision.Space ExplorationEnglish Composition II There are many issues that occur within our planet such as the so called upcoming war with North Korea, animal extinction, economy issues, lack of Jobs, etc. That needs attention and a well thought out plan so It can be dealt with. The subject area that I will be discussing Is based on Science, Health and Environmental Issues. The main topic I will be discussing and debating on the issue whether or not should the United States continue to fund space exploration even though we have our ow n matters to attend on planet Earth.My research project Includes with the supporting point of view, the UN-supporting point of view, ending with my personal opinion towards which is more worldwide beneficial. People Supporting Space Exploration Based on the National Aeronautics And Space Administration A lot of people believe that the money e use to fund space projects can be used for a more economical relevant cost, such as helping Africa, or helping our own economy. But in fact funding space projects does help our economy. Space exploration creates Jobs It employs engineers, mechanics, astronauts, highly educated scientist and many more. Billions of taxpayer dollars goes to NASA but in reality Nanas budget is less than 1% of the national budget.United States spends about 20 billion dollars on air-conditioning tents In Afghanistan opposed to the 19 billion dollar budget that NASA has. Although NASA Is electing billions a year, that money doesnt go to waste. NASA has designed a new type of technology called vortex combustion, which makes rockets fly further, faster with using less fuel. This design was built by one of Nanas contractors ORBITER. More Information and facts describing the Vortex Combustion RamJet (VICE) can be found in the on this link under NASA. Gob http//sibs. Gaffs. Nonages/Sober/abstracts/98/ sibs/phases/Sober-98-1-07. 4-AAA. HTML. ORBITER took the same design and instead of making it work with a rocket, they put it with a water hose. By doing this ORBITER as created the worlds fastest water hose of today. Lets say we find a way to make mars habitable, wouldnt it be great to extend mankind. Space exploration continues to grow and give valuable information that the united States requires to grow. Some of the items we use in today society, such as GAPS system, cellophane, cordless power tool, the padding Inside the football helmet and even clean water Is all thanks to space exploration.A well known Scientist and Internets favorite astrophysici st, published a book originally named Failure to Launch The dreams and delusion of OFF explains about how the American people mislead themselves into believing misconceptions about space exploration and as a result the purpose and necessities of a space program are now misunderstood. He argues and pleas to give NASA the money it needs in order to stimulate the economy and inspire students to pursue innovative projects.It is essential that space exploration be funded by government funds instead of privately funds, because the government has the necessary power and money to make and continue to have a successful discoveries and it ties along tit the military due to classified information being safe guarded from others doesnt have the need to know, rather than being funded private funds with less funds and will lose the advantage of working with the military and vice-versa. Today on earth there are more than 7 billion people and growing, the world is over populated and if we would ever get a chance to move we would.Living on another planet may sound like the science fiction movie Star Wars, but it can be possible. This is why we explore, c(Iroquois is what built the world we have today. People Against Space Exploration Thousands of people believe that we should be studying our own planet first then move on to others, but whos to say if we shut down space programs we will use the left over money to explore our Saracens, or give the money directly to us people. We have 314,686,189 living in the United States, if we divided Nanas budget to give every person in the United States a share of the money everyone will only get about $60. 7 a year. That doesnt sound very attracting, so chances are we the people will not get any share directly if NASA were to be shut down. There are so many social problems n the world like poverty, unemployment, medical diseases, sanitation, food and safe drinking water, which is yet to be solved. So it is suggested that the people should u tilize this amount for eliminating this social problem rather than funding for space exploration. My reason for supporting fund space exploration Based on the statistics on the resourceful website debate. Rag 68% of the people support the funding towards exploring in space and 32% goes against this factor. Human beings by nature are explorers. We enjoy going to new places, discovering new things and seeking out knowledge. If this were not the case we might still be thinking the Earth was flat. Exploring space not only fulfills a nature driven quality in humans, it also gives us the knowledge we need for advancement. Whether this knowledge provides us with new sources for energy, how the Universe came to be or the possibility of expanding humankind to new worlds.My opinion for supporting funds for space exploration is that it is a better decision to choose because it has greater impact. When it comes to making a decision of two different perceptions, I tend to think of the big pictur e. Who is to say we may have meteor hitting earth and e happen to come across a better way to track and avoid another big bang theory on earth by continuing and persuading space exploration or even have already a 2nd planet such as mars ready to have human being living in as the new home.To me, I see that there is more to see than meets the eye, by this I mean that there is no point on discovering our own planet earth if, god forbid, we will meet the end of our destruction due to unexplained outer source, that couldve been avoided. Support be more accurate and aware of our surrounding in this universe to keep mankind living longer. Reference Has, Fen Cox, Ken (February 20, 2009). Sustainable Space Exploration and Space Development A Unified Strategic Vision.

Louis Vuitton Case

Louis Vuitton New product introductions vs. product availability Introduction Louis Vuitton is a subprogram of the Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessy Group. Being the core business, Louis Vuitton is the nigh famous tarnish not only in the group, but also in the fashion industry. It is well-known for its quality and design. Most of the Louis Vuitton consumers are wealthy people, who expect premium products disregarding to the price. Considering this fact, Louis Vuitton may implement a strategy, which ensures availability of the products at any conviction and provide the clients with the best possible customer service.In the past, Louis Vuitton faced the out-of-stock hassle and it has not been resolved yet. As a consequence, the smart set loses not only sales but also reduces its reputation. Managers realized that consumers satisfaction is one of the most important aspects for a society in order to continue world successful, gain high profits and reputation. The source of the out- of stock problem in Louis Vuitton causes some disagreements between the companys vice president for commercialiseing and sales and the vice president for manufacturing and logistics.The first one states his opinion that the lack of flexibility and responsiveness is the base of the problem, while the encourage one blames the recent increase in new product introductions and the poor forec asting of solicit. We will investigate these different problems and how Louis Vuitton keister solve them by aligning the manufacturing military operation and marketing activities in the most efficient way. Supply Chain Strategy Consumers of luxury products have high expectations regarding the products? quality and design. Furthermore, the consumers want to be provided with a omplete shop experience, when they purchase a Louis Vuitton handbag for 3 000 Euros or a pair of Louis Vuitton shoes for 1 000 Euros. An essential part of this shopping experience is the product itself. Therefore, Louis Vuit ton? s supply chain has to be set up in making demanded products available, wherever and whenever they are demanded by a consumer. Unfortunately, Louis Vuitton is able to have around 98% of all demanded products from classic product lines available at their store . But if consumers request a product of one of Louis Vuitton? fashion lines, which are newly and less(prenominal) frequently introduced product lines, the rate of available products decreases roughly to 80%. Louis Vuitton products are bought due to the quality of the acceptables. Thanks to online stores, consumers use to easily purchase a want good on the Internet. On the one hand, it saves consumers time on the former(a) hand, the probability of a potential out-of-stock problem is reduced, because o nce the purchase is realized, the company is able to fight in a several ways to deliver the product.It cigaret send the product from a store or from different stores, depending on where the consumer is located and where th e item is available at that time. Moreover, Louis Vuitton could improve its capacity strategy. Managers have to decide how to organize manufacturing in the most efficient way that a maximum number of units are produced for a time period. Currently, employees working for Louis Vuitton are divided into groups and each group is able to produce 120 hand bags per day.However, retrieveing the out-of-stock problem, one go off assume that it is not the sufficient quantity to meet the demand and a solution has to be found. In order to increase the capacity, Louis Vuitton has to increase the labor force. In that way, Louis Vuitton will be able to increase its manufacturing capacity and potentially solve the out-of-stock problem. Inventory Strategy Louis Vuitton has to decide whether to reduce the stock-take in order to overturn additional costs induced by required inventory space in the stores or to increase the availability of demanded products.Undeniably, inventory must be as close to the stores as possible. This implies that if a certain product is out-of-stock it female genitalia be quickly delivered and satisfies consumer wants. Moreover, inventories should be kept in regional warehouses and that would also help Louis Vuitton to react in the most flexible way t o fluctuations in demand. For instance, if the store in Tokyo is out -of-stock, it would be easier to report about the problem to the nearest warehouse rather than to the main one in France. It will result in shortening the lead time. As a consequence, Louis Vuitton has to be invariably aware of the stock level.This can be achieved by the introduction of a continuous review system, which is used to manage independent demand of inventory and monitors the inventory level of any item constantly to release reorders, when the reorder point is reached. Thus, the company will be able to solve the problem once a higher than expected demand is realized. The most efficient strategy for Louis Vuitton should be l arger inventories in the regional warehouses at higher prices. Sourcing Decisions Louis Vuitton is well known for being creative, innovative and looking for the excellence.Since Louis Vuitton was established in 1854, the core competencies of the company have always been des ign and quality, they perfectly correspond to the aim of Louis Vuitton to be one of the market leaders in the fashion industry. On the one hand, the classical collections have not been changed for years, and therefore being a symbol of elegance and prestige. On the other hand, fashion and collections constantly change in order to be fresh. Quality is the second core competence the company uses to be one of the best brands in the industry.To provide the customers with the best, Louis Vuitton uses high quality raw materials, which is the first step to a qualified final product. Furthermore, employees involved in the manufacturing process do 80% of their lying-in manually. It is more costly and time consuming, bu t is highly valued by the consumers. Considering these facts, Louis Vuitton needs to make the right sourcing decisions. First, the company should keep the designing and manufacturing activities sourced in, because these activities are the most important regarding Lou is Vuitton? creation of value. Second, I think distribution activities can be sourced out. The company should use firms, such as TNT, DHL, UPS, etc Louis Vuitton can choose among a transition of distributors in each country and select the most reliable one, which provides good delivery and service for a given price level. Warehouses are another part of the supply chain which can be sourced out. Renting a warehouse implies a smaller investment for Louis Vuitton and enables them to be more flexible.The out-of-stock problem that Louis Vuitton is facing can be solved by placing warehouses in regions with high population. Moreover, according to the fact that the company requires high quality raw materials, but not all of th e subsisting suppliers offer sufficient qua lity one possible solution is the implementation of the single sourcing. This means that Louis Vuitton depends on only one firm for all items needed for producing their leather goods. However, this can be extremely risky, because of the probability of un expected situations such workers strike.Another solution may be the multiple sourcing strategy. This implies that Louis Vuitton relies on many suppliers, but the associated risk with this font of strategy is that many firms become familiar with the core competencies of Louis Vuitton and it is possible to use these competencies for their own businesses. Finally, the most suitable sourcing strategy in the case of Louis Vuitton seems to be the doubled sourcing strategy. It means that Louis Vuitton uses two suppliers, which serve the needs of the firm proportionally.Both of them are willing to have the leader position on behalf of higher revenues. This situation is advantageous for Louis Vu itton, because it can assure that because of the competition between the suppliers, they will be always supplie d with premium quality raw materials on a particular pric e level. Logistics unmatchable of the main aspects of the logistics system is the distribution. Most companies aim at minimizing their distribution costs and Louis Vuitton is not an exception. This is the reason why the company uses the multimodal solution.Therefore, Louis Vuitton combines transpor tation by sea, air and road. The advantage of consignment ships is that they can transfer big quantities on long distances. Moreover, Louis Vuitton operates in different continents and thus it is of great importance to ship in a cost hard-hitting way. The water transport provides efficient services at low prices. However, in specific situations such as rush orders, it is more rational to use airfreight. It can increase the costs but it guarantees that the company avoids the out-of-stock problem and satisfies customers? and consumers? wants.The distribution system, on its side, has a great impact on the location of warehouses. For instance, the main centralized logistics warehouse in Cergy Pontoise is located near Paris, in France. The capital of France facilitates t he headquarters of Louis Vuitton as well as it is a city with high demand in fashion products. These are maybe some of the reasons why Louis Vuitton chose to situate its central distribution center. But, shipping from France to other countries may imply long customer lead time, which is the required time between the customers order and the delivery of this product.To shorten it Louis Vuitton could benefit from spot stock warehousing. Shortening the lead time is one of the most important aims of the companies, because of the fact that goods are available in the stores just at the time consumers demand them. One way for Louis Vuitton doing that is to decrease the overrun of goods with lower demand. The second possible solution is the im plementation of more frequent shipments of smaller quantities. This could be more effective in combination with an improved anticipation system.It has the potential to reduce costs by not keeping fewer goods in stock, which are not highly demanded. Moreover, to avoid the out-of-stock problem, Louis Vuitton should interact and understand the preferences of the consumer. Louis Vuitton could do it via tracking the last purchases. In this way the company can recognize if a certain customer is willing to buy goods from the classical or from the modern collections. And Louis Vuitton can progressively improve its forecasting activities in order to know which collections have to be produced and which inventory has to be increased.Conclusion To improve the alignment between manufacturing and marketing, Louis Vuitton has to librate several factors. First, giving the present out-of-stock problem combined with the expected growth rates, the company has to increase their manufacturing capacity , based on the expected growth rate for the overall industry and for the different regions as well. In order to achieve that, they should add more labor force. More groups of workers will lead to increased production and therefore increased inventory in the warehouses.This would result in greater availability of products in retail stores and solve the out-of-stock problem. In addition, larger inventory of product enables Louis Vuitton to be responsive to increasing demand in peak times as well as providing the opportunity to focus on the production of newly introduced products and the satisfactions of its demand. Furthermore, Louis Vuitton should consider decreasing the introduction of new fashion lines in order to avoid disruptions of manufacturing and su pply chain activities caused by changes in the manufacturing process due to newly introduced products.Second, by ameliorate the forecasting tools, Louis Vuitton should be more accurate in estimating the future demand for specifi c products. Moreover, Louis Vuitton should forecast more often and for shorter time periods. Louis Vuitton should continue to insource the leather good production and use the dual sourcing strategy for purchasing raw materials. Finally, the group should introduce marketing tools in order to interact more with the consumers and to forecast the demand.

National Livestock Development Policy

NATIONAL strain DEVELOPMENT POLICY 1. Introduction gilly pointer plays an pregnant role in the home(a) economy of Bangladesh with a head up contribution of 2. 95% per cent to the agricultural GDP (Bangladesh Economic Review, 2006) and providing 15 percent of congeries exercising in the economy. The ancestry sub-sector that includes fowl commotions important employment and livelihood opportunities particularly for the untaught poor, including the function twainy landless, many of whom regard descent as a main livelihood option.Ab let out 75 percent plurality rely on origin to some extent for their livelihood, which clearly indicates that the poverty reduction potence of the line sub-sector is t each(prenominal). According to Bangladesh Economic Review, (2006), the harvesting topical anaestheticise in GDP in 2004-05 for bloodline was the highest of any sub-sector at 7. 23%, compargond to 0. 15% for ranks, and 3. 65% for tilteries sub-sector. These changes expe rience been prompted by a rapid ontogeny in adopt for fund point of intersections due(p) to increase in income, rising population, and urban growth.It is an realized fact that high role fauna protein in the form of draw, marrow squash and eggs is extremely important for the prissy(ip) strong-arm and kind growth of a kind-hearted beingness. In Bangladesh, around 8% of thorough protein for human race consumption comes from breed (BBS, 2000). Hides and skin of oxen, buffaloes, goats and sheep is a valuable export item, ranked third in earnings after RMG and shrimp. Surprisingly, Bangladesh has unrivaled of the highest kine densities 145 large ruminants/km2 comp ard with 90 for India, 30 for Ethiopia, and 20 for Brazil. But most of them trace their get-go to a poor hereditary base.The average weight of topical anesthetic cattle ranges from 125 to 150 kg for cows and from 200 to 250 kg for bulls that f boths 25-35% short of the average weight of whole-purpose catt le in India (Agriculture for 21st Century in Bangladesh by Z. Karim, 1997). Milk yields argon extremely low 200-250 cubic decimetre during a 10-month lactation period in contrast to 800 litre for Pakistan, 500 litre for India, and 700 litre for all Asia. Despite highest cattle densities in Bangladesh, the current production of milk, affectionateness and eggs argon poor to twin the current requirement and the deficits atomic amount 18 85. , 77. 4 and 73. 1% various(prenominal)ly (DLS, 2000). If 5% GDP growth identify is considered then the current production of these commodities need to be increased 2. 5 to 3. 0 times by the year 2020 to afford the growing population in the country. This illustrates how urgent is the need to increase the production of milk, warmness and eggs. The PRSP (Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper) stresses the importance of the line sub-sector in sustaining the acceleration of poverty reduction in the country. The fighting(a) dominance of this emerg ing sub-sector thus requires critical policy attention.In the past, due importance was not given to the victimisation of the parentage sub-sector despite its signifi disregardt contribution to the national economy. In the Financial Year 2006-07 the stock certificate sub-sector authoritative exclusively about 1. 0 percent of the enumerate budget allocation, or however about 3. 5 percent of the agricultural sector budget. Though production of physical protein has giveed an upward trend, daily per capita availability of animal protein perplexly stands at around 21 gm ticker, 43 ml milk and 41 eggs vis-a-vis the recommended intakes of 120 gm pith, 250 ml milk and 104 eggs.Shortage of tone of voice inputs, in suitable function and physical infrastructure, institutional weaknesses in terms of weak regulative framework and enforcement, limited skilled manpower and picks, and inadequate research and proficient advancement are all continuing to act as constraints to livest ock growth. The growth opportunities in the livestock sub-sector vary signififannytly among the species.Qualitative rather than quantitative phylogenesis of large ruminants (cattle and buffalo), a break up increase of the productivity and population size of the pocketable ruminants (goat and sheep), and fowl keeping emerges as promising to offer substantial growth potentials with a positive impact on nutrition, employment and poverty alleviation. query and technological emergence deservingness priority to sideboardact allied conundrums in the fields of reach, breed and indisposition and fitting the challenge of the countrys livestock sector in the 21st century content store ontogeny indemnity has been prepared to address the primordial hallenges and opportunity for a comprehensive sustainable development of the caudex sub-sector by means of creating an enabling policy framework. 2. Objectives of the National Livestock information Policy The general mark of the National Livestock Development Policy To volunteer the enabling environs, opening up opportunities, and reducing risks and photograph for harnessing the full potential of livestock sub-sector to accelerate economic growth for reduction of rural poverty in which the private sector will retain the main actor, while the popular sector will playa facilitating and verificatory role.The specific objectives of the National Livestock Development Policy 1. To promote sustainable approachs in productivity of milk, meat and egg production including bear on and value addition 2. To promote sustained improvements in income, nutrition, and employment for the landless, small and marginal give riseers and 3. To still increased private sector participation and investments in livestock production, livestock servings, change development and export of livestock products and by-products. 3. Legal Status of the National Livestock Development PolicyAll the government and supreme organizatio ns, multi-national institutions, NGOs, CBOs (community establish organizations), and persons who are working within the geographical territory of Bangladesh for the attention, development and conservation of Livestock resources, import-export or some other business related to the livestock sub-sector will be chthonic the preview of National livestock Development Policy. 4. Scope of the National Livestock Development Policy The following ten critical areas get under ones skin been identified for formulating the National livestock Development policy i. dairy farm farm Development and nitty-gritty Production ii. domestic fowl Development iii. veterinarian function and brute hygienicness iv. depletes and sentient being Management v. Breeds Development vi. Hides and Skins vii. Marketing of Livestock Products viii. world(prenominal) Trade Management ix. approaching to point of reference and Insurance and x. Institutional Development for Research and Extension The key policy issues for each of these critical areas are outlined in the following section 4. 1Dairy Development and Meat Production Dairy Development The opportunity for development of large-scale dairy is limited in Bangladesh due to scarcity of land.However, the potential for development of smallholder dairy is high. Over the last hardly a(prenominal) years, small-scale dairy landed estate has increased significantly with the relief of reference work, use up, ex- portionman operate and provision of self- amends ashess. Small-scale dairy farming provides employment for the poorer segments of the population. The availability of this form of traditional self-employment to rural dwellers, not least women, is important where there is scarcity of substitute(a) income generating opportunities. Smallholder dairy thus widens the scope for the poor with limited rile to land to prove their income.Dairy animals can playa all-important(a) role in household intellectual nourishment security, done modify income and nutritional of the low-income groups. Daily farming in Bangladesh is affected by myriads of constraints much(prenominal) as (i) limited fellowship and technical skills of smallholder dairy farmers (ii) scarcity of feeds and fresh fish (iii) poor graphic symbol of feeds (iv) frequent occurrence of affections (v) limited coverage of veterinarian serve including poor symptomatic facilities (vi) neglect of citation underpin (vii) limited milk appeal and bear on facilities and low prices at collection points (viii) neglect of indemnity coverage (ix) absence of grocery nformation (x) lack of appropriate breeds and (xi) absence of a regulative body. Policy framework for dairy development is 1. Cooperative dairy development (Milk Vita model) would be expanded in potential areas allover the country 2. self-made pro-poor models for community- base smallholder dairy development including appropriate contact farming schemes would be replicated 3. Smallho lder dairy farming, integrated with crop and fish culture would be promoted 4. Supply chain based production, processing and trade of milk and milk products would be promoted . A National Dairy Development get along would be set up as a regulatory body to promote dairy development 6. National Dairy Research Institute would be naturalised to carryout research in various aspects of dairying. Meat Production nearly 3. 5 trillion cattle are slaughtered annually in the country of which 40 percent are trade through cross-b indian lodge trade. Around 15 million goats are slaughtered annually mostly of local origin. Of the total slaughter of cattle and goats, around 40 percent is performed during Eid-ul-Azha.Increased demand for quality meat, beef modify has fetch an important income generating activity for small fanners, and a potentially important tool for reducing poverty. Beef fattening is considered to relieve oneself high income generating potential, but faces constraints su ch as lack of appropriate breeds, knowledge gaps of farmers, lack of proper veterinary religious expediencys and quality feeds. Most meat is handled under unsatisfactory sanitary conditions in both(prenominal) rural and urban areas. Enforcement of legislation relating to slaughtering or meat inspection is weak. on that point is generally poor pre-slaughter conditions, sanitation, removal of harry materials, and disposal of offal. The Black Bengal goat is a highly prolific local breed, resistant to many diseases and can be easily raised under most environments on low quality feed and with footling investments. Rearing of Black Bengal goat is an appropriate option for many subsistence farmers. Its demand is growing in both domestic meat grocerys and internationally for its skins and high quality leather goods.Policy framework for meat production 1. wildcat Slaughter ph one number, wolf Feed dis attitude and puppet unsoundness Act would be approved and enforce in show to promote hygienic production of quality meat 2. Butchers would be trained on scientific methods of slaughtering, meat processing and preservation techniques 3. Development of beef breeds for increased productivity at farm level 4. Development of backward and forward linkage schema to help improvement of animated cattle fattening transcription into private enterprises 5. snobbish sector would be bear to establish mechanized slaughter houses with nonoperational Flaying butt on in Divisional cities and Local Government would be encouraged to establish slaughter slabs in municipality and Upazila supply 6. Production of Black Bengal Goats would be promoted by ensuring disease prevention, availability of quality bucks and ejaculate for slushy insemination, and knowledge transfer through special projects 7. Buffalo and sheep farming would be authentic in selected high potential areas through special projects. 4. Poultry Development The backyard fowl units require minimum inputs and are practically part of integrated crop- aquaculture-livestock farming systems. Their level of production is relatively low but profitability can be high due to low inputs costs and recycling of on-farm by-products. technicalised production systems use birds of change genetic stock and reared under semi- intensive or intensive vigilance. on that point are currently an estimated 120,000 mercantileised fowl farms in Bangladesh, back up by 04 Grand Parent Farms and 69 Parent Stock Farms.While the growth of the poultry industry has contributed to economic growth and income of commercial farmers, indiscriminate and unplanned growth of breeder farms and commercial poultry farms, particularly in and around cities and towns is creating environmental hazards. thither are at present no guidelines for environmental protection and bio-security when establishing poultry farms. The use of antibiotics in feeds is thought to be common and a fare of popular health concern.The constr aints lining the sector in general include (i) lack of infrastructure beyond the Upazila Head Quarters for providing service to poultry farmers (ii) famine of skilled manpower (iii) dearth of quality chicks and behavior materials (iv) dearth of poultry , feed/feed ingredients and high prices (v) poor quality of inputs (vi) lack of quality curtail facilities for medicine, vaccines and biological products, feed and feed ingredients, chicks, eggs and birds (vii) drug and vaccine residues in poultry meat (viii) shortage of vaccines (ix) lack of organized trade systems (x) poor provision of veterinary service and (xi) insufficient credit and upper-case letter curiously for the poor. The possible threat of avian Influenza exacerbates some of these concerns and short comings and would require additional measures to be interpreted. Policy framework or Poultry Development 1. Successful pro-poor models would be replicated for semi-scavenging poultry development 2. Formation of poultr y smallholder groups, CBOs, and producers intimacys would be facilitated 3. Quality overcome of poultry feeds and feed ingredients would be coverd through establishment of a sound body and enforcement of regulations 4.Production and consumption of safe (antibiotic residue free) including organic meat and eggs would be promoted 5. Criteria and guidelines would be realized to catch total of quality day-old chicks 6. particular guidelines would be real and enforced for establishing environment-friendly commercial poultry farms Small commercial farms would be converted into profit lie large farms following cooperative system. 7. Poultry farms of the DLS would be utilized as do and multiplication farms / centres for smallholder training, engine room testing and demonstration etc 8. Smallholder production and marketing of ducks and minor poultry species (e. g.Quail, Goose, Pigeon, Guinea fowl) in selected areas would be promoted 9. National Reference Laboratory for detection of Avian Influenza virus and other emerging diseases would be found and 10. National Avian Flu forwardness Plan would be implemented. 4. 3Veterinary Services and Animal Health Inadequate veterinary services are unmatchable of the major obstacles for livestock development in Bangladesh. The ratio of Veterinary Surgeons to farm animals and birds was estimated at I 1. 7 million in 1995, and according to a 2003 estimate only 5-10 percent of farm animals receive human action vaccination. Private sector investment in the animal health sector remains low and is only expanding slowly.The quality and quantity of vaccines produced and delivered by the DLS are inadequate. The use of subsidies in vaccine production in present form is a possible deterrent to private investors. There is no. Independent authority to check the quality of domestically produced or imported vaccines. Vaccination is done in a haphazard panache without any strategic plan for statementling the targeted diseases. The re are no provisions for movement control and quarantine during disease outbreak or epidemics. No registration is required for feed additives such as toxins binder, antibiotics, and vitamin- mineral premixes, animal protein, many of which are potentially detrimental to human health.Most of the drugs traders and shop keepers have no formal training on drug handling, transportation, storing and dispensing, and readily portion out drugs such as antibiotics, hormones, and sedatives across the counter without prescription. Disease diagnostic facilities are limited. The DVH (District Veterinary Hospitals), regional FDIL (Field Diseases Investigation Laboratories), and the CDIL (Central Disease Investigation Laboratory of DLS are responsible for providing diagnostic services. However, due to shortage of skilled manpower and non-availability of funds they cannot provide the intended services. There IS no provision for residue analysis of drugs, heavy metals, hormones, pesticides and toxins in nourishments of animal origin.There are only fewer local veterinarians trained in clinical pathology to diagnose diseases properly. The disease surveillance system is almost non- lastent. The Veterinary Public Health Unit in the DLS has the man day of the month to perform diagnosis, surveillance and control of zoonotic diseases, escort food safety of animal origin, and striking with the Health Department. The Unit is merely, suffering from serious shortages of human capital, sustenance and laboratory facilities. It has no legal framework to implement its mandate. Coordination surrounded by animal and human health bodies is to the highest degree non-existent. Veterinary research is similarly constrained due to shortages of stave and funds.Very limited fund is available for veterinary research. There are important areas of public goods services like veterinary epidemiology, veterinary public health, food safety and diagnostic techniques within which research inevitably to be expanded urgently. The Animal Quarantine Act was recently passed by the Parliament, but quarantine stations, manpower and funds to enforce the Act are not in blank save. Laws and Regulations are essential for high quality service delivery and quality office of products for trade. Some laws and regulations are in place but overall regulatory framework and implementation remain very weak. Policy framework for Veterinary Services and Animal Health 1.Soft brings would be provided to accelerate the development of private veterinary services 2. Community-based veterinary service would be true through special projects 3. An sovereign Quality Control Agency would be constituted to ensure quality of veterinary drugs, vaccines, feeds, feed ingredients and breeding tools and materials 4. A licensing system for veterinary pharmacists and a quality monitoring system of veterinary services would be introduced 5. Veterinary research would be beef up in critical areas, particularly thos e related to provision of public goods and services 6. Veterinary public health services would be strengthened and closer linkages with the Department of Health would be established 7.Capacities of disease investigation interlock of DLS would be strengthened for disease surveillance, quarantine services and emergency planning to manage major disease outbreaks including Avian Influenza and other emerging diseases 8. Specific strategy would be positive for controlling economically important trans-boundary animal diseases 9. Veterinary Council would be strengthened to help ensure quality veterinary services 10. National Livestock Health Disaster deputation would be formed including all trade organizations to battle such crisis 11. A separate Veterinary cellular phone would be established in Department of medicate Administration for facilitating decision making on veterinary drug registration and approval in Bangladesh. Animal Health Companies draw and related trade association would be included in the committee to correct the private sector. 12.Promote and encourage private sector to set-up compliant veterinary diagnostic center, clinics and hospitals to cater the needs of the farmers and other beneficiaries. 4. 4Feeds and Animal Management The acute shol1age of feeds and sustenance is one of the single most impOJ1ant obstacles to livestock development in Bangladesh. The main constraints for feeds and feed worry include (i) shortage of feeds and fodder (ii) scarcity of land for fodder production (iii) seasonal fluctuations of feeds and fodder (iv) low quality feed (v) high feed prices and (vi) poor husbandry practices. Feed resources for large livestock are primarily derived from crop residues and cereal by- products as well as grasses, tree leaves and aquatic plants.Very little grain is available for animals. Feed concentrates contribute only a small portion of the feed. Feed resources for scavenging rural poultry comprise break up grains from thres hing floors, left over grains, pulses, upturned rice, kitchen wastes, green grasses, insects, worms, left over boiled rice, etc. Because of increase demand for human food land is intensively used for cereal production. N either sufficient shaving land, nor spare land is available for growing fodder. This has resulted in shortages of quality forage for ruminant livestock, causing skinny growth, reproduction problems, reduced lactation, working inability, lower growth rates, and reduced productivity.Most of the dairy and poultry farmers are facing the problem of adulterated and inferior quality of commercial feeds and feed ingredients. Feed labeling and control is inadequate. Most feed millers do not disclose the necessary information on the packaging with regards to feed composition, ingredients, date of manufacturing, date of expiry, storage guidelines, energy levels, and protein and vitamin contents. Feed millers are widely suspected of minimizing feed production costs either by use of inferior quality ingredients and/or inclusion of lower proportions of high value ingredients. poor packaging materials contribute to reduced quality and shelf life. Policy framework for Feeds and Animal Management 1.Feed and fodder development strategy would be developed for community- based fodder cultivation along roads and highways, rivers and embankments, in Khas lands, and in combinations with crops 2. Necessary delay would be provided to the private sector for utilization and promotion of crop residues, agro-industrial by-products and outlawed feed resources as animal feed 3. An Animal Feed Act would be approved and implemented to ensure feed quality and 4. Resources would be provided for training of dairy farmers on change animal focal point and husbandry practices. 5. Organizational support system development for coordination of support services for smallholder dairy development in private sector . Private sector support system development for strengthening manuf acturing and marketing of feed and feed additives 7. Human resource development. 4. 5Breeds Development Livestock development through the application of science-led methods of breeds and breeding in Bangladesh is still at a rudimentary stage. There is however enthusiasm for applying breeds and breeding interventions to resurrect livestock performance. Lack of a national breeding policy, use of inappropriate breeds, weak infrastructure (human skill, national service delivery, breeding farms), and limited technical knowledge has constrained the development of improved breeds.Available high yielding root materials (in cattle and chicken industry) are mostly exotic and imported. However, not all of these imported exotic species reconcile well under Bangladesh climatic conditions. There are a number of promising well-adapted native livestock breeds in the country (e. g. Red Chittagong cattle, Black Bengal goat, Bengal sheep, Naked Neck chicken etc), which could be developed into high yielding breeds through cross breeding in a systematic manner. Importation of inappropriate genetic material coupled with indiscriminate crossbreeding and a clear neglect of indigenous breeds has created a situation, where a number of native breeds of livestock are under threat of extinction.Unplanned and sporadic attempts that were made for breed improvement of various species failed, because the initiatives were not based on thorough breed/ genotype testing results and not based on well-thought out and sound breeding goals, breeding criteria, animal recording systems, animal evaluation procedures, and animal selection and mating plans. Breeds and breeding computer program inherently requires heavy initial investments and regular and timely flow of resources. Sustained funding support for breeding work has not been forthcoming. As a result, the limited expertness available in this field remains underutilized. There is no regulatory body or national Breeding Act to regulate breed imports, prices of breeding materials, merits and quality of breeds, breeding materials and breeding services. Within the existing cattle breeding services (including staged insemination), farmers have little or no idea of the merit and quality of the semen being provided for insemination.The same is true for other species such as goats and buffaloes, and applies overly to imported germplasm (live animals, semen, embryos, etc). Policy framework for Breeds Development 1. A National Breeding Program would be finalized and approved 2. saving and utilization program of potential indigenous breeds for poor smallholders in the pertinent locality would be developed 3. A comprehensive human resource development program in animal breeding would be developed 4. Frozen semen production unit would be established for wide scale dummy insemination of Black Bengal Goats to face the challenge of service storage of proven buck throughout the country 5. Breeders fellowship would be established f or monitoring and coordination of livestock breeding activities in the country. 4. 6Hides and Skins Leather including crust as well as finished leather and leather goods is an important export earner contributing about 6 to 7 percent of total export earnings. A large proportion of leather materials are however downgraded and rejected due to poor quality. Leather defects are reported to be responsible for a more(prenominal) than 50 percent cut in the value of leather. Cattle and goats are the major skin and confuse producing species followed by buffalo and sheep. Most slaughtering takes place with inadequate facilities for electricity, water, and sewerage.There are an estimated 192 improvised slaughter houses at partition level, 1215 at Upazila level and more than 3,000 slaughtering points in hats and bazaars as well as by road sides of cities and towns. Hides are in most cases removed by unskilled persons using inappropriate tools, giving rise to unsteady shapes and flay cuts. D efects in goat and sheep skins have been significantly reduced in recent years with the base of hang and pull systems of flaying. Besides hides and skins, the slaughtering of animals generates potentially valuable by- products including blood, bones, hoofs, rumen and visceral contents, hairs, etc. Only a part of certain by-products, generated mainly in organized slaughter houses, are collected and processed by cottage level factories.Most of these by-products are discarded and thrown away, resulting in large economic losses and environmental pollution. Tannery operations are further impacting interdictly on the environment. Financing is a major problem, particularly the primary election market intermediaries like farias and beparis suffer due to lack of adequate working capital and inadequate introduction to finance. The shortage of capital reduces the purchasing mental ability of intermediaries and consequently, a large quantity of hides and skins are pilfered in the neighbouri ng country, especially during Eid-ul-Azha. Ful1hennore, prices drop during Eid-ul-Azha, when large quantities of hides and skins are produced.The low prices in turn provide little incentive for proper flaying, handling and preservation. Policy framework for Hides and Skins 1. Butchers and merchants (Farias, Beparis and Aratdars) would be trained on basic knowledge of flaying, curing and storing for improved management and quality of hides and skins 2. An autonomous agency would be established for quality control and cet1ification of hides and skins 3. Environmental legislation on slaughter and tannery operations would be framed and enforced 4. Private sector would be encouraged to establish small to strong suit scale industries to utilize slaughter and tannery by-products for producing high quality feed hang on for animal feeds and 5.Access to small-finance and banking facilities would be improved for intermediaries. 4. 7Marketing of Livestock Products Milk There is no systematic marketing network and market information system for milk and milk products to support smallholder dairy farmers in the rural areas. Farmers sell milk either in the local market or to goal as (traditional milk collectors) who strain to render useful services to the rural community, and sometimes work as supplying agents to private firms. Commercial marketing of milk started in the late 1970s by Milk Vita. Milk Vita has established milk-processing plants in various places and collects milk from its cooperatives members.BRAC, Pran and CLDDP (Community Livestock and Dairy Development Project) have also recently installed milk processing, and a small number of other private farms are dealing with pasteurized milk. These enterprises however, only cover a part of the country. Most small-scale dairy farmers in rural areas sell their milk in local markets at around a third to half of the price at which milk is sold in the cities. Low prices and price fluctuations are found to be important constraints to increased production and higher income of milk producers. Milk production costs are largely determined by feed prices (wheat and rice bran), which are increasing, in some cases rapidly. Meat There is a high demand for meat in the local markets. In the past, the beef price was relatively low due the ready supply of cattle from neighbouring country.The supply has recently been restricted and as a result meat prices have increased sharply. Constraints to long-term development of the beef industry include lack of improved breeds, low meat quality, and limited addition to credit and insurance amongst smallholders. Eggs The egg marketing system can be characterized as oligopolistic, under control of the Aratdars who extend credit to the poultry farmers who in turn are obliged to sell through the Aratdars for loan repayment. The price of eggs in large city markets is usually not known to the rural poultry farmers The time and distance from collection to marketing is a lot long with traditional means of transportation. Spoilage and broken eggs are commonPolicy framework for Marketing of Livestock Products 1. Farmers groups and cooperatives formation would be encouraged and supported for collective marketing of livestock products by community based organizations and associations 2. Access to micro-finance and insurance schemes for poor smallholders including women would be improved 3. Farmers information network for price data and processing of trade related information would be established with private sector support 4. An Internet-based communication system would be established alongside regular transmit of trade related information and monitoring and forecasting of prices of livestock products 5.Management Information Systems (MIS) would be established in the DLS on livestock product marketing 6. Government if required will intervene the market to ensure minimum price of egg and meat for farmers 7. Private sector would be encouraged to be involv e in egg processing and other value added product manufacturing industries. 4. 8International Trade Management In order to derive the full benefits of globalization and trade liberalization, Bangladesh must further develop its export products to satisfy product standard requirements of importing countries and obtain up-to-date information from diametric markets. Bangladesh is signatory of the WTO (World Trade Organization) Agreement on Agriculture (AOA).The AOA provides a framework for the long-term reforms of agriculture trade and domestic policies to move forwards market orientation in agricultural trade. The obligations and disciplines incorporated in the AOA relate to four aspects, viz, i) agreement on market access ii) agreement on domestic support iii) agreement on export competition/ tribute and iv) agreement on SPS (sanitary and phytosanitary) measures. Bangladesh is not fully able to meet the recommended safety and quality standards for livestock products logical with the SPS guidelines as regulated by the World Animal Health Organization (OIE) and the Codex Alimentarius Commission.The main problem stem from (i) inadequate veterinary services (ii) lack of skilled human resources (iii) lack of diagnostic facilities (iv) lack of financial support (v) lack of disease surveillance and monitoring of animal health (vi) lack of updated food legislation and (vii) need for an improved national food export inspection and certification program. Incidences of TADs (trans-boundary animal diseases), such as foot and mouth disease, are preventing Bangladesh from entering potential markets for livestock products. As the problem of TADs is being addressed on a larger scale, regional initiatives are becoming important and Bangladesh will explore the opportunity to enter into regional agreements to control TAOs.This will necessitate significant changes in the veterinary service system, particularly within diagnostic services and veterinary public health. Most export- oriented enterprises are small and medium size, with limited capacity to undertake market research, invest in technologies, and collect, store, and process trade information. Other important challenges relate to meeting labour and environmental standards, improving design and packaging, and accessing and using up-to-date information on consumer preferences and trends in global markets. Many enterprises have neither the in-house capacity to gather the necessary trade-related information nor the networks to access such information. Policy framework for International Trade Management 1.Focal points would be set up in the OLS and the MoFL (Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock) to deal with the international and regional trade agreements and ensure implementation of notifications and obligations 2. Training would be provided to the officials in the OLS, MoFL and livestock related industries to enable them to fully appreciate and deal effectively with international and regional trade agree ments 3. Requirements of trade related technical assistance for the DLS, MoFL and private exporters would be assessed and required assistance would be provided 4. The capacity of DLS would be developed through institutional reform to address SPS and HACCP requirements 5. An Internet-based communication system would be established to facilitate international market networking for livestock products 6.MIS (management information systems) would be established in the OLS and MoFL for international trade management of livestock products and 7. Private sector people would be included with all activities of international trade management. 4. 9Access to Credit and Insurance Credit The effective coverage of micro credit programs in Bangladesh was around II million households in 2002 of which around 80% were below poverty line. It is estimated that less than a fifth of the total micro credit disbursed by NGOs till June 200 I, was given to the livestock sub-sector mostly to poor women in rural areas. Financing of agricultural and other rural economic activities have not in the past attracted adequate interest of banks and institutional lenders.As recently as 2003 livestock attracted less than 5% of the total credit disbursed in the agricultural sector by state-owned lending institutions, although the trend in recent years has been sharply upwards. The livestock development has accelerated the demand for concentrate feeds, drugs, vaccines, and veterinary services. These trends are expect to continue in the coming years with resultant increases in demand for credit support. Expansion of livestock operations among poor smallholders and commercial livestock producers, as well as input suppliers (feed mills, drug producers, etc. ) and processors of livestock products is thus expected to increase the demand tor finance throughout the sub-sector, and will be needed to help facilitate continue horizontal and vertical integration.The following constraints and challenges in partic ular characterize the micro-credit sector (i) insufficient funds (ii) inappropriately packaged loans for production cycles of livestock (iii) red tape and collateral requirements effectively reducing credit access for smallholders, notably the poor (iv) inadequate loan supervision (v) insufficient training in financial management and business planning (applies to both loan providers and takers) (vi) inadequate technical support (vi) inappropriate interest rate policies and practices (vii) conflicts of interest within NGOs providing both technical and credit support often to the detriment of the former (viii) smallholder picture and risk from natural and man-made disasters and (ix) wear out servicing of the hard-core poor. Policy framework for Increasing Access to Credit 1.Formation of CBOs (Community Based Organisations) linking them with DLS, NGOs, commercial banks, and insurance companies would be encouraged for delivery of appropriate livestock credit packages to the doorstep of small scale livestock farmers including poor women 2. A Livestock Credit Fund would be established in the Bangladesh Bank for distribution of subsidized credit to small scale livestock farmers through CBOs 3. Micro-finance packages better tailored to the production cycles of various livestock species would be promoted 4. Micro-finance packages targeted towards and appropriate for the hard-core poor including women would be promoted 5. Training would be provided to smallholder groups in livestock-related business planning and financial management 6. Monitoring and supervision of micro finance institutions would be enhanced for adherence to international best practice and 7.Provision of micro-finance services from technical services would be separated where necessary for clearer regulation. Insurance Livestock production is subject to the risks of animal disease, separatrix, and death. The result is often a serious decline in farm income and consequent failure on the pa11 of espec ially poorer farmers to maintain their livelihoods. Livestock insurance can i) provide protection against loss of livestock from accident or disease, alter income ii) raise credit worthiness iii) contribute to a reduction in the incidences of animal death and accident by requiring certification of a minimum standard of animal husbandry practices and iv) encourage development of cattle breeding and dairy industries.Out of 62 insurance companies in Bangladesh, 60 are private companies of which none are involved in livestock insurance. Only a state owned insurance company, SBC (Sadharan Bima Corporation) has since 1980 been providing livestock insurance. It covers only projects financed by BKB (Bangladesh Krishi Bank) and other nationalized Commercial Banks. SBC insured 7. 567 dairy animals between 1981 and 2003, indicating only very negligible insurance coverage for livestock. No modifications of the SBC insurance program have been made since 1985 to address the changing scenarios in the dairy and poultry industries. There are at present none or only very few private sector companies with the skills or funds to initiate livestock insurance.There are no collaborative arrangements between insurance companies and public sector organizations to assist the companies in setting up insurance schemes. Milk Vita and CLDDP have developed a self-insurance scheme for their cooperative members and farmer groups/associations, which appears to be working well, Smallholders may not, however yet fully recognize and appreciate the implications and potential benefits of livestock insurance. Experience suggests that some level of subsidy for smallholder livestock enterprises may be necessary, at least during the initial period. Policy framework for Increasing Access to Livestock Insurance 1. In consultation with insurance companies, CBOs and NGOs and other stakeholders, a strategy for expansion of livestock insurance coverage would be developed 2.A Livestock Insurance Development Fund would be established in the Bangladesh Bank, 3. Self-insurance systems for poor smallholders including women through community-based livestock development programmes would be promoted 4. A national database on livestock mortality, disease incidence and productivity of livestock would be developed and maintained at the DLS 5. Awareness among smallholders on the benefits of livestock insurance schemes would be raised and 6. Successful experiences of insurance models of other countries in the region would be examine and emulated. 4. 10Institutional Development for Research and Extension Livestock ResearchTo carry out livestock research in the public sector BLRI (Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute) was established under a Presidential Ordinance in 1984 as a semi-autonomous body. It is organized into eight research divisions and an administrative division, called the support service division. The research divisions are (i) Animal Production (ii) Poultry Production (iii) Animal Health (iv) System Research (v) Socio-economics (vi) Goat and Sheep Production (vii) biotech and (viii) Planning, Training and Technology Demonstration. The 1984 Ordinance was amended in 1996 as an Act in line with the amendment of the Act of the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC).The functions of BLRI are not sharply focused and its structure has a number of deficiencies. There are many important new issues that are not reflected in the functions. Dramatic changes that have taken place in recent years within Bangladesh and internationally (globalization and trade liberalization combined with WTO regulations and OIE requirements), which have changed both domestic and the international market scenarios. In the context of these changes, the functions of BLRI need to be sharpened. Major deficiencies exist in veterinary research, planning and management, human resource management, and information management. There is no Unit and staff to deal with planning, evaluation an d monitoring.Veterinary research is done only on a limited scale under the Animal Health Division, There is no provision of a Director (Research), responsible for research planning, organize and monitoring the implementation of research projects evaluating and reporting research outputs on a regular basis and maintaining direct contact with DLS and sister research institutions, as well as liaison with other concerned Depal1ments. There is no management information system (MIS) for research at BLRI and Information management is generally weak. The shortage of operating funds for research is acute in BLRI. The annual allocation shows a declining trend in real terms. BLRI has been entirely depending on the development budget and contract research grants from BARC (also under development projects) for carrying out research.This has restricted BLRI in developing and undertaking meaningful research programs to support the poverty reduction program of the Government. BLRI has problems with training of its personnel. There is no provision for staff training or a built-in system of carrier progression within the research divisions like in the research institutes in the crop sector. This has created a high rate of attrition of qualified scientists. Policy framework for Livestock Research 1. Research capacity of BLRI headquarters and its Regional Stations would be enhanced to address national priority and untapped potential regional livestock resources 2. Private and NGO initiatives in livestock research would be encouraged and supported 3.The mandate, functions and structure of BLRI would be sharpened including provision of a Director (Research), with a view to enhance the capacity to coordinate, maintain liaison with other concerned Departments and conduct livestock research for pro-poor sustainable development 4. Research capacity of BLRI would be extended to ensure safe production of animal products and by-products, animal protein supplement, feed additives, premixes , probiotics and mineral and vitamin supplements as inputs for poultry and livestock development 5. The Act of BLRI would be amended to give greater liberty to the Management Board and the Institute to bring it at a par with the crop research institutes 6.Enabling environment should be created to develop quality manpower to undertake challenges for emerging livestock resource development in the context of global reformation 7. Service structure and rules of business would be framed for BLRI to improve its management and to provide career development opportunities for talented scientists 8. Research budget of BLRI would be increased to 40 per cent of its total annual budget. to meet the research operating costs. Livestock Extension For the extension of Livestock Services the Directorate of Livestock Services was established in 1960 and renamed as the Department of Livestock Services (DLS) in the late 1980s.Since 1960, the mandate and functions, structure, organization and management systems of DLS have remained almost unchanged. DLS is organized into five divisions, headed by their respective Directors (i) Animal Health and Administration (ii) Research, Training and Evaluation (iii) Extension (iv) Officers Training Institute and (v) Production. The divisions are functionally split into sections to deal with different subject matters. Other entities of DLS include a LRI (Livestock Research Institute), a CDIL (Central Disease Investigation Laboratory), 7 FDIL (Field Disease Investigation Laboratories), a CVH (Central Veterinary Hospital), and 64 DVH (District Veterinary Hospitals).DLS has a number of training facilities such as the OTIs (Officers Training Institute) and VTI (Veterinary Training Institutes) and LTI (Livestock Training Institute), but remain grossly underutilized due to lack of funds. The structure of DLS offers insufficient focus on the issues that matter most. The functional Divisions are not structured in a logical fashion. Elements of veterina ry services are scattered throughout different divisions/sections and function in an uncoordinated manner. The Veterinary Public Health Section exists but is neither fit nor does it have the funds to deal adequately with disease surveillance and reporting, food safety and control of zoonotic diseases, and other public health issues. It has no linkages to the Health Department and the Public Health Institute.It also does not have a supporting legal framework to implement its mandate. Almost nothing is done on disease surveillance, including trans-boundary diseases. The major challenges facing DLS were identified as (i) inappropriate mandate and functions (ii) structural and organizational deficiencies (iii) frontline services at the Upazila level is thin and weak (iv) weak linkages with research organization including BLRI (v) weak management system and MIS (management information system (vi) slow recruitment and promotion system (vii) shortage of skilled manpower (viii) lack of reg ular skill development training and (ix) limited budget allocation.In the context of increasing participation by the private sector and NGOs in livestock development, there is an urgent need to redefine the mandate and functions of DLS in a fashion that will allow it to gradually withdraw from private goods services, engage increasingly in delivery of public goods services viz. disease surveillance and reporting, food safety, enforcement of . laws and regulations, and quality control of feeds/drugs/vaccines/semen and breeding materials and facilitate private sector involvement. Policy framework for Livestock Extension 1. Private sector, NGOs, and CBOs would be encouraged to provide private goods livestock services, viz. veterinary services, vaccination etc 2. DLS would be reformed to enhance its role as a provider of public goods services viz. regulatory measures, quality self-reliance and control, monitoring function, food safety function, disease surveillance, etc. 3.Livestock e xtension services frontline would be extended up to Union level in stages to bugger off it available close to villages 4. Resource allocations to DLS would be increased to wee it effective in delivery of public goods services 5. Autonomous unit/institute would be established for quality bureau and certification of livestock products, vaccines and biologics, and consumers rights protection 6. Retraining program would be developed and implemented to equip DLS staffs with new knowledge and skills within the framework of a clearly defined human resource development action plan 7. Besides staff training, DLS training institutes would be opened for all eligible candidates from private sector, NGOs and CBOs for livestock services extension training. 8.A special cell in all DVH would ensure round the clock service for emergency purpose. 9. DVH would further extend to TVH (Thana Veterinary Hospital) to ensure better service & protection of the animal population, and 10. Extension-research -NGO linkage would be strengthened for field testing and dissemination of livestock technologies. 5. carrying out Strategy of the National Livestock Development Policy The implementation strategy would be to provide support that will specifically target factor productivity, investments and risks as follows a. Public investment would be increased in livestock infrastructure to provide public goods and services delivery, and promoting private investment b.Public investment would also be increased in livestock research for technological innovations to enhance productivity, income, employment c. Market regulatory measures would be taken to shifts in relative prices of inputs and outputs to correct market distortions, rationalize the incentive structures for investment and reduce negative impacts on environment d. An appropriate legal and regulatory framework would be put in place and e. Institutional reforms would be carried out and good sectoral governance would be put in place makin g both public and private sectors more transparent, accountable and mutually supportive. Policy framework for dairy development is Cooperative dairy development (Milk Vita model) would be expanded in potential areas allover the country Successful pro-poor models for community-based smallholder dairy development including appropriate contact farming schemes would be replicated Smallholder dairy farming, integrated with crop and fish culture would be promoted Supply chain based production, processing and marketing of milk and milk products would be promoted A National Dairy Development Board would be established as a regulatory body to promote dairy development National Dairy Research Institute would be established to carryout research in various aspects of dairying. Policy framework for meat production Animal Slaughter Act, Animal Feed Act and Animal Disease Act would be approved and enforced in order to promote hygienic production of quality meat Butchers would be trained on scienti fic methods of slaughtering, meat processing and preservation techniques Development of beef breeds for increased productivity at farm level Development of backward and forward linkage system to help improvement of existing cattle fattening system into private enterprises Private sector would be encouraged to establish mechanized slaughter houses with Static Flaying Frame in Divisional cities and Local Government would be encouraged to establish slaughter slabs in municipality and Upazila headquarters Production of Black Bengal Goats would be promoted by ensuring disease prevention, availability of quality bucks and semen for artificial insemination, and knowledge transfer through special projects Buffalo and sheep farming would be developed in selected high potential areas through special projects. Policy framework or Poultry Development Successful pro-poor models would be replicated for semi-scavenging poultry development Formation of poultry smallholder groups, CBOs, and producer s associations would be facilitated Quality control of poultry feeds and feed ingredients would be ensured through establishment of a legal body and enforcement of regulations Production and consumption of safe (antibiotic residue free) including organic meat and eggs would be promoted Criteria and guidelines would be established to ensure supply of quality day-old chicks Specific guidelines would be developed and enforced for stablishing environment-friendly commercial poultry farms Small commercial farms would be converted into profit oriented large farms following cooperative system. Poultry farms of the DLS would be utilized as breeding and multiplication farms / centres for smallholder training, technology testing and demonstration etc Smallholder production and marketing of ducks and minor poultry species (e. g. Quail, Goose, Pigeon, Guinea fowl) in selected areas would be promoted National Reference Laboratory for detection of Avian Influenza virus and other emerging diseases would be established and National Avian Flu Preparedness Plan would be implemented.Policy framework for Veterinary Services and Animal Health Soft loans would be provided to accelerate the development of private veterinary services Community-based veterinary service would be developed through special projects An autonomous Quality Control Agency would be established to ensure quality of veterinary drugs, vaccines, feeds, feed ingredients and breeding tools and materials A licensing system for veterinary pharmacists and a quality monitoring system of veterinary services would be introduced Veterinary research would be strengthened in critical areas, particularly those related to provision of public goods and services Veterinary public health services would be strengthened and closer linkages with the Department of Health would be established Capacities of disease investigation network of DLS would be strengthened for disease surveillance, quarantine services and emergency planning t o manage major disease outbreaks including Avian Influenza and other emerging diseases Specific strategy would be developed for controlling economically important trans-boundary animal diseases Veterinary Council would be strengthened to help ensure quality veterinary services National Livestock Health Disaster Committee would be formed including all trade organizations to combat such crisis A separate Veterinary Cell would be established in Department of Drug Administration for facilitating decision making on veterinary drug registration and approval in Bangladesh. Animal Health Companies Association and related trade association would be included in the committee to represent the private sector. Promote and encourage private sector to set-up compliant veterinary diagnostic center, clinics and hospitals to cater the needs of the farmers and other beneficiaries. Policy framework for Feeds and Animal Management Feed and fodder development strategy would be developed for community- ba sed fodder cultivation along roads and highways, rivers and embankments, in Khas lands, and in combinations with crops Necessary support would be provided to the private sector for utilization and promotion of crop residues, agro-industrial by-products and unconventional feed resources as animal feed An Animal Feed Act would be approved and implemented to ensure feed quality and Resources would be provided for training of dairy farmers on improved animal management and husbandry practices. Organizational support system development for coordination of support services for smallholder dairy development in private sector Private sector support system development for strengthening manufacturing and marketing of feed and feed additives Human resource development. Policy framework for Breeds Development A National Breeding Program would be finalized and approved conservation and utilization program of potential indigenous breeds for poor smallholders in the pertinent locality would be d eveloped A comprehensive human resource development program in animal breeding would be developed Frozen semen production unit would be established for wide scale artificial insemination of Black Bengal Goats to face the challenge of service storage of proven buck throughout the country Breeders Association would be established for monitoring and coordination of livestock breeding activities in the country. Policy framework for Marketing of Livestock Products Farmers groups and cooperatives formation would be encouraged and supported for collective marketing of livestock products by community based organizations and associations Access to micro-finance and insurance schemes for poor smallholders including women would be improved Farmers information network for price data and processing of trade related information would be established with private sector support An Internet-based communication system would be established alongside regular broadcasting of trade related information an d monitoring and forecasting of prices of livestock products Management Information Systems (MIS) would be established in the DLS on livestock product marketing Government if required will intervene the market to ensure minimum price of egg and meat for farmers Private sector would be encouraged to be involved in egg processing and other value added product manufacturing industries. Policy framework for Livestock Research Research capacity of BLRI headquarters and its Regional Stations would be enhanced to address national priority and untapped potential regional livestock resources Private and NGO initiatives in livestock research would be encouraged and supported The mandate, functions and structure of BLRI would be sharpened including provision of a Director (Research), with a view to enhance the capacity to coordinate, maintain liaison with other concerned Departments and conduct livestock research for pro-poor sustainable development Research capacity of BLRI would be extended to ensure safe production of animal products and by-products, animal protein supplement, feed additives, premixes, probiotics and mineral and vitamin supplements as inputs for poultry and livestock development The Act of BLRI would be amended to give greater autonomy to the Management Board and the Institute to bring it at a par with the crop research institutes Enabling environment should be created to develop quality manpower to undertake challenges for emerging livestock resource development in the context of global reformation Service structure and rules of business would be framed for BLRI to improve its management and to provide career development opportunities for talented scientists Research budget of BLRI would be increased to 40 per cent of its total annual budget. to meet the research operating costs. Policy framework for Livestock Extension Private sector, NGOs, and CBOs would be encouraged to provide private goods livestock services, viz. veterinary services, vaccinatio n etc DLS would be reformed to enhance its role as a provider of public goods services viz. regulatory measures, quality assurance and control, monitoring function, food safety function, disease surveillance, etc. Livestock extension ervices frontline would be extended up to Union level in stages to make it available close to villages Resource allocations to DLS would be increased to make it effective in delivery of public goods services Autonomous unit/institute would be established for quality assurance and certification of livestock products, vaccines and biologics, and consumers rights protection Retraining program would be developed and implemented to equip DLS staffs with new knowledge and skills within the framework of a clearly defined human resource development action plan Besides staff training, DLS training institutes would be opened for all eligible candidates from private sector, NGOs and CBOs for livestock services extension training. A special cell in all DVH would e nsure round the clock service for emergency purpose. DVH would further extend to TVH (Thana Veterinary Hospital) to ensure better service & protection of the animal population, and Extension-research-NGO linkage would be strengthened for field testing and dissemination of livestock technologies.Implementation Strategy of the National Livestock Development Policy The implementation strategy would be to provide support that will specifically target factor productivity, investments and risks as follows Public investment would be increased in livestock infrastructure to provide public goods and services delivery, and promoting private investment Public investment would also be increased in livestock research for technological innovations to enhance productivity, income, employment Market regulatory measures would be taken to shifts in relative prices of inputs and outputs to correct market distortions, rationalize the incentive structures for investment and mitigate negative impacts on environment An appropriate legal and regulatory framework would be put in place and Institutional reforms would be carried out and good sectoral governance would be put in place making both public and private sectors more transparent, accountable and mutually supportive.